Surgical anatomy of caudate bile ducts: Silicon-injected cadaveric-livers dissected under magnification.

Backgrounds/aims: Caudate bile ducts are routinely presented using negative images as X-ray-cholangiograms. Such information does not provide for instant surgical orientation of the relationships between caudate ducts and the liver itself-a paramount skill for successfully performing hilar cholangiocarcinoma resection and living donor/split transplantation. This study presents a 4-step procedure to prepare, dissect and present, high-quality, 2D/3D anatomical images of biliary caudate ducts in a surgically meaningful way.

Endoscopic-assisted lateral transatlantal approach to craniovertebral junction.

Background: The lateral approach to the craniocervical junction is directed along the atlantal and occipital condyles to the dens. The advantages of the lateral approach compared with the anterior transoral and transnasal approaches are that it provides a sterile field, and anterior decompression and postdecompression fixation can be performed in one procedure.

Objective: To examine the usefulness of endoscopy as an auxiliary tool during lateral transatlantal odontoidectomy.

Microsurgical anatomy of the orbit: the rule of seven.

The orbits are paired structures, located on the anterior part of the face. Morphologically, each orbit is a four sided pyramid with a posterior apex and anterior base. In the orbit, all openings are arranged around the base, apex or between the orbital walls.