Dermatology and the Brazilian Portuguese language orthographic reform.

The Brazilian Portuguese language orthographic reform has promoted changes in writing in less than 2% of its lexis. However, these changes have affected medical practice. The authors present in this article the main changes in the orthographic rules and gather a group of words that have had their spelling altered by this new language reform emphasizing the dermatological terms.

Nurse-patient communication while performing home dialysis: the patients' perceptions.

This study aimed at describing patients' perception of their communication with nurses when performing home dialysis. Data were collected from interviews guided by the question: "What is communication like, between you and nurses, during home dialysis treatment?" Results show participants' perception of treatment during home peritoneal dialysis [Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)]; relationship with nurses and family and the effects of treatment on one's existence. Patients can be self-caring and they learn to value the autonomy in their own care.

Reinkes' edema: immunoexpression study of fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV in 60 cases by immunohistochemical techniques.

Unlabelled: Reinke's edema is chronic laryngeal disease in which the superficial layer of the lamina propria is expanded by thick mucus, giving it a gelatin aspect. The disease is directly related to smoking and more frequent in women, who end up having a lower tone of voice. Its histological characteristics cannot always distinguish it from other benign lesions of the larynx for which additional histological techniques are necessary.

Cell blocks allow reliable evaluation of expression of basal (CK5/6) and luminal (CK8/18) cytokeratins and smooth muscle actin (SMA) in breast carcinoma.

Objective: Gene expression studies have revealed several molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma with distinct clinical and biological behaviours. DNA microarray studies correlated with immunohistochemical profiling of breast carcinomas using cytokeratin (CK) markers, Her2/neu, oestrogen receptor (ER), and basal myoepithelial cell markers have identified five breast tumour subtypes: (i) luminal A (ER+; Her2/neu-), (ii) luminal B (ER+; Her2/neu+), (iii) Her2 overexpression (ER-; Her2/neu+), (iv) basal-like (ER-; Her2/neu-, CK5/6 and 14+), and (v) negative for all markers. Luminal carcinomas express cytokeratins in a luminal pattern (CK8/18), and the basal-like type expresses CK5/6 and CK14 or basal epithelial cell markers.

The effect of gastric dilatation in rats submitted to gasified water ingestion under the hepatic metabolic function.

Introduction: The amounts of people that are overweight have been increasing within the population in significant ways during the last decades. In this view, gasified beverages have become an important environmental concern in relation to the eating habits of people, especially who lives in the USA, Mexico, and Brazil. In this order, these three countries constitute the major beverages producers and consumers of the whole world.

Heart transplantation experiences: a phenomenological approach.

Aim: The aim of this study was to understand the heart transplantation experience based on patients' descriptions.

Background: To patients with heart failure, heart transplantation represents a possibility to survive and improve their quality of life. Studies have shown that more quality of life is related to patients' increasing awareness and participation in the work of the healthcare team in the post-transplantation period.

Childbirth care: contributing to the debate on human development.

This study aimed to evaluate care during childbirth and neonatal development in the interior of São Paulo in order to support managers responsible for formulating public policies on human development and allocating public resources to the women's healthcare. This epidemiological study focused on the evaluation of health services based on the observation of the assistance delivered by the Single Health System in 12 maternities and 134 delivers. The Brazilian Health Ministry or World Health Organization standards were adopted for comparison.

Socioeconomic and demographic profile of leprosy carriers attended in nursing consultations.

Leprosy is a contagious infectious disease that manifests due to unfavorable socioeconomic factors, endemic levels and individual conditions. This study aimed to recognize the socioeconomic and demographic profile and degree of incapacity installed in leprosy carriers attended at the School Health Center in Botucatu. Data were obtained through nursing consultation performed in 37 patients.

Family visitors and companions of hospitalized elderly and adults: analysis of the experience from the perspective of the nursing working process.

This is a qualitative study using Grounded Theory as the methodological reference and the Process of Work in Nursing as the theoretical reference in order to understand the role assumed by nurses regarding hospital norms and routines applied to family visitors and companions of adult and elderly patients in a teaching hospital. Data analysis identified the theme: defining the modality of family support during hospitalization. This theme aggregates two main categories: becoming the family visitor and becoming the family companion.

Pharmaceutical excipients and the information on drug labels.

Aim: to evaluate the presence of preservatives, dyes, sweeteners and flavouring substances in 73 pharmaceutical preparations of 35 medicines for oral administration, according to drug labeling information about the excipients.

Methods: 35 medications were selected, both over-the-counter and prescription drugs, marketed in Brazil. The sample included: analgesic/antipyretic, antimicrobial, mucoregulatory, cough and cold, decongestant, antihistamine, bronchodilator, corticosteroid, antiinflammatory and vitamin medications.

Smoking, smoking cessation and otorhinolaryngologists in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Unlabelled: Otorhinolaryngologists are directly involved in the diagnosis and management of smoking related diseases, including upper airway malignancy. It is important that the specialists have skills to treat smoking and nicotine dependence. It is also known that there are smokers amongst doctors.

Early hemodynamic and renal effects of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution, hydroxyethyl starch, and hypertonic saline with or without 6% dextran-70.

Background: Considering the renal effects of fluid resuscitation in hemorrhaged patients, the choice of fluid has been a source of controversy. In a model of hemorrhagic shock, we studied the early hemodynamic and renal effects of fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's (LR), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) with or without 6% dextran-70 (HSD).

Update in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children.

The prevalence of OSAS in children is 0.7-3%, with peak incidence in pre-schoolers. It is characterised by partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, causing intermittent hypoxia.

A sociodemographic, clinical study of patients with venous ulcer.

Background: Venous ulcer is the most serious consequence of chronic venous insufficiency and is responsible for almost 70% of chronic leg ulcers. The main purpose of this research was to describe social, demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with venous ulcers and to identify some professional repercussions of this pathology.

Subjects And Methods: We evaluated patients with a clinical picture compatible with venous ulcer.

Venous ulcer: epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment.

This review discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and current therapeutic options for venous ulcer. Venous ulcer is a severe clinical manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). It is responsible for about 70% of chronic ulcers of the lower limbs.

Extrinsic compression of popliteal artery in asymptomatic athlete and non-athlete individuals. A comparative study using duplex scan (color duplex sonography).

Aim: Extrinsic compression of the popliteal artery and absence of surrounding anatomical abnormalities characterize the functional popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES). The diagnosis is confirmed to individuals who have typical symptoms of popliteal entrapment and occlusion or important stenosis of the popliteal artery with color duplex sonography (CDS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or arteriography during active plantar flexion-extension maneuvers. However, variable result findings in normal asymptomatic subjects have raised doubts as to the validity of these tests.

Is coronary sinus blood oxygen tension behavior determined by myocardial oxygen tension variation during cardiac reperfusion?

The relationship between coronary sinus blood oxygen tension (CSPO2) and myocardial oxygen tension (MPO2) variations during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion was studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Oxygen tension was measured by a polarographic method. Ischemia resulted in a slightly decreased CSPO2 and a more pronounced reduction of MPO2.