The presence of the peptides apelin, ghrelin and nesfatin-1 in the human breast milk, and the lowering of their levels in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Numerous bioactive peptides (such as ghrelins) have been identified in breast milk but there is no information concerning apelin and nesfatin-1. Therefore, present study was designated to explore whether breast milk contains apelin and nesfatin-1, to determine the concentrations and to compare these with serum levels. In addition, the concentrations of these peptides were compared in patients with gestational diabetes and normal lactating samples.