Henri Legrand du Saulle's 1873 book: "La Folie Héréditaire" (hereditary madness).

In his 1873 monograph "La Folie Héréditaire," the French Alienist Legrand du Saulle (LdS) first outlined his understanding of hereditary factors in insanity and then described in detail the theory of Hereditary Madness (HM) that emerged from the writings of his mentor Bénédict Morel. This form of insanity was thought to arise only in families with neuropathic traits. Degeneration theory, proposed by Morel, postulated a within-family "evolution" of increasingly severe psychopathology, typically beginning with mild neuropathic traits and associated idiosyncrasies, and progressing over generations to hereditary madness, mental retardation, epilepsy, and eventual sterility.

Optimization of Phacoemulsification Tip Gauge on the Oertli CataRhex3 in an in vitro Setting.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of each of the tip sizes available for the Oertli CataRhex3 phacoemulsification machine on efficiency.

Methods: Porcine lenses were fixed in formalin for 2 hours, then cut into 3.0 mm cubes.

Niacin promotes the efflux of lysosomal cholesterol from macrophages via the CD38/NAADP signaling pathway.

The accumulation of free cholesterol in macrophage lysosomes significantly enhances atherogenesis. Our recent study demonstrated that the cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38)/nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)/Ca signaling pathway plays a critical role in the efflux of lysosomal free cholesterol from macrophages in atherosclerosis. Niacin, known as nicotinic acid, is one of the oldest lipid-lowering medications showing unique anti-atherosclerotic activity.

Comparison of clinical prediction rules for ruling out cirrhosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Background And Aims: Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cirrhosis benefit from referral to subspecialty care. While several clinical prediction rules exist to identify advanced fibrosis, the cutoff for excluding cirrhosis due to NAFLD is unclear. This analysis compared clinical prediction rules for excluding biopsy-proven cirrhosis in NAFLD.

Impact of Dose, Sex, and Strain on Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Mice.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common, dose limiting, and long-lasting side effect of chemotherapy treatment. Unfortunately, no treatment has proven efficacious for this side effect. Rodent models play a crucial role in the discovery of new mechanisms underlying the initiation, progression, and recovery of CIPN and the potential discovery of new therapeutics.

Heart failure clinical trial enrollment at a rural satellite hospital.

Introduction: Heart failure is a clinical condition that notably affects the lives of patients in rural areas. Partnering of a rural satellite hospital with an urban academic medical center may provide geographically underrepresented populations with heart failure an opportunity to access to controlled clinical trials (CCTs).

Methods: We report our experience in screening, consenting and enrolling subjects at the VCU Health Community Memorial Hospital (VCU-CMH) in rural South Hill, Virginia, that is part of the larger VCU Health network, with the lead institution being VCU Health Medical College of Virginia Hospitals (VCU-MCV), Richmond, VA.

Robotic and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass after learning curve: 30-day and 12-month outcomes.

This study compares laparoscopic RYGB (L-RYGB) and robotic RYGB (R-RYGB) performed by the same team after the learning curve in both approaches. A retrospective cohort study was done, and the surgical outcome was analyzed in 30 days and 12 months for patients with similar characteristics and an equal number of cases in each group (233 cases). Four hundred and sixty-six patients were included in this study.

Antegrade femoral nailing in the lateral decubitus position: a case series, technical tips and review of literature.

Background: Femoral intramedullary nailing is traditionally performed with the patient supine on a fracture table. We aimed to describe a case series of femoral intramedullary nailing for fracture in the lateral position, with discussion of the operative technique.

Methods: A retrospective analysis identified 52 patients who underwent femoral intramedullary nailing performed in a lateral position without traction over a 5-year period at a single level 1 trauma center.

The place of Franz Kallmann's 1938 "the genetics of schizophrenia" in the history of psychiatric genetics.

This essay provides the historical context and key findings of one of the largest fieldwork-based family studies ever done in the history of psychiatric genetics conducted in Berlin by Franz Kallmann from 1929 to 1933. It included over 1,000 schizophrenic probands and 12,500 of their relatives including siblings, offspring, nieces/nephews and grandchildren. The work was analyzed in close collaboration with Rüdin, Schulz, and Luxenburger in Munich.

Risk Factors for Infection and Subsequent Adverse Clinical Results in the Setting of Operatively Treated Pilon Fractures.

Objective: To determine patient-specific and injury-specific factors that may predict infection and other adverse clinical results in the setting of tibial pilon fractures.

Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Level 1 academic trauma center.

The beginnings of biometrical psychiatric genetics: Studies of the insane diathesis 1905-1909.

The year 1900 saw not only the rediscovery of Mendel's hybridization studies but also the publication by Karl Pearson of his newly developed tetrachoric correlation which he used to study the parent-offspring resemblance for the "insane diathesis" in 1905. This was followed by more detailed reports by two of his students/associates: Heron in 1907 and Goring in 1909. Both calculated the tetrachoric correlation for insanity in parent-offspring and Heron for sib-sib pairs.

The beginnings of the debate between the Mendelians and the Biometricians in psychiatric genetics: David Heron, Karl Pearson, Abraham Rosanoff, and Charles Davenport 1913-1914.

The world learned of the heated dispute about the methodology of the early works by Davenport and Rosanoff claiming Mendelian transmission patterns for mental handicap and psychiatric illness in a bold headline in the New York Times on Sunday, November 9, 1913: ENGLISH EXPERT ATTACKS AMERICAN EUGENIC WORK. I here focus on the debate surrounding Rosanoff's 1911 study where he presented evidence that the neuropathic constitution, including, among its manifestations, dementia praecox, and manic-depressive illness, was an autosomal recessive trait. The "English expert," David Heron, a student of Pearson's, launched the debate in his 1913 paper which argued that Rosanoff's field work methods were biased, his clinical assessments sloppy, his phenotype far too broad, and his statistical approach flawed.

Bile Acids, Gut Microbiome and the Road to Fatty Liver Disease.

This article describes the complex interactions occurring between diet, the gut microbiome, and bile acids in the etiology of fatty liver disease. Perhaps 25% of the world's population may have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a significant percentage (∼20%) of these individuals will progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Currently, the only recommended treatment for NAFLD and NASH is a change in diet and exercise.

Bile Acid Receptors and the Gut-Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been significantly increased due to the global epidemic of obesity. The disease progression from simple steatosis (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is closely linked to inflammation, insulin resistance, and dysbiosis. Although extensive efforts have been aimed at elucidating the pathological mechanisms of NAFLD disease progression, current understanding remains incomplete, and no effective therapy is available.

Rate-related QRS morphological changes in left bundle branch pacing: A case report.

Studies have shown that a permanent left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) is feasible and may be clinically beneficial. The paced QRS morphology in a permanent LBBP typically manifests as a right bundle branch block pattern (RBBB) because the left ventricle is activated earlier than the right ventricle. We present one such case in which a small change in the pacing rate strongly influenced the LBBP QRS morphology.

Response to cardiac resynchronisation therapy in men and women: a secondary analysis of the SMART-AV randomised controlled trial.

Objectives: There is a controversy about whether both sexes' response to cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) is similar. We aimed to assess a causal effect of sex on CRT response.

Design: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) data.

Ethical challenges with decisions to withhold or withdraw resuscitation in pediatric surgery.

Providers often dispute the ethical equivalence of withholding and withdrawing care, despite theoretical frameworks that support equivalency. We highlight two cases, one where providers express concern with initiation of aggressive resuscitation and another where providers experience emotional distress from the decision to cease resuscitation. Both cases illustrate how the ethical challenges encountered can result in high levels of provider distress.

Spontaneous and Naloxone-Precipitated Withdrawal Behaviors From Chronic Opiates are Accompanied by Changes in -Oleoylglycine and -Oleoylalanine Levels in the Brain and Ameliorated by Treatment With These Mediators.

The endocannabinoidome mediators, -Oleoylglycine (OlGly) and -Oleoylalanine (OlAla), have been shown to reduce acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal affective and somatic responses. To determine the role and mechanism of action of OlGly and OlAla in withdrawal responses from chronic exposure to opiates in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Opiate withdrawal was produced: 1) spontaneously 24 h following chronic exposure to escalating doses of morphine over 14 days (Experiments 1 and 2) and steady-state exposure to heroin by minipumps for 12 days (Experiment 3), 2) by naloxone injection during steady-state heroin exposure (Experiment 4), 3) by naloxone injection during operant heroin self-administration (Experiment 5).