Understanding Catalyst 'Volcano' Dependence Through Fermi-Level Controlled Kinetics Using Electronic Theory.

The ubiquitous two-step Michaelis-Menten and Temkin-Boudart reaction mechanisms are extended to include the influence of the catalyst electronic subsystem in a 5-step mechanism. The resulting kinetic equation provides an alternative explanation for the well-known volcano-shaped dependence found in catalysis. The equilibrium constants of fast electronic steps are highlighted for their influence on adsorption and desorption through the relative concentration of charged versus neutral intermediates.

Arousal effects on oscillatory dynamics in the non-human primate brain.

Arousal states are thought to influence many aspects of cognition and behavior by broadly modulating neural activity. Many studies have observed arousal-related modulations of alpha (~8 to 15 Hz) and gamma (~30 to 50 Hz) power and coherence in local field potentials across relatively small groups of brain regions. However, the global pattern of arousal-related oscillatory modulation in local field potentials is yet to be fully elucidated.

North American Fine Particulate Matter Chemical Composition for 2000-2022 from Satellites, Models, and Monitors: The Changing Contribution of Wildfires.

Air quality management benefits from an in-depth understanding of the emissions associated with, and composition of, local PM concentrations. Here, we investigate the changing role of biomass burning emissions to North American PM exposure by combining multiple satellite-, ground-, and simulation-based data sets biweekly at a 0.01° × 0.

Microbial Upgrading of Lignin Depolymerization: Enhancing Efficiency with Lignin-First Catalysis.

Chemical depolymerization of lignin is a non-selective process that often generates a wide distribution of product compounds, denoted herein as lignin breakdown products (LBPs). To address this limitation, we developed a hybrid lignin conversion process that employs a lignin-first catalytic approach on biomass and subsequent microbial upgrading. A Pd/C catalyst was used for reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of poplar biomass, and Rhodococcus opacus PD630 (R.

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variations reveal mechanisms controlling cell entry dynamics and antibody neutralization.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is adapting to continuous presence in humans. Transitions to endemic infection patterns are associated with changes in the spike (S) proteins that direct virus-cell entry. These changes generate antigenic drift and thereby allow virus maintenance in the face of prevalent human antiviral antibodies.

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Cathepsin B in Tumors with Activable Small Molecule Tracers.

Cathepsin B (CTB) is overexpressed in several types of tumors, and precise evaluation of the CTB activity can offer a promising method for the early diagnosis of tumors. In this study, two CTB-activated positron emission tomography (PET) tracers, and , were developed for sensitive and specific detection of CTB. Both tracers undergo a click condensation between 2-cyano-6-aminobenzothiazole (CBT) and cysteine (Cys) to form a cyclization product, thereby enhancing and prolonging the PET signal in tumors.

Alginate Formulation for Wound Healing Applications.

Alginate, sourced from seaweed, holds significant importance in industrial and biomedical domains due to its versatile properties. Its chemical composition, primarily comprising β-D-mannuronic acid and α-L-guluronic acid, governs its physical and biological attributes. This polysaccharide, extracted from brown algae and bacteria, offers diverse compositions impacting key factors such as molecular weight, flexibility, solubility, and stability.

Performance of Risk Models for Antimicrobial Resistance in Adult Patients With Sepsis.

Importance: The results of prediction models that stratify patients with sepsis and risk of resistant gram-negative bacilli (GNB) infections inform treatment guidelines. However, these models do not extrapolate well across hospitals.

Objective: To assess whether patient case mix and local prevalence rates of resistance contributed to the variable performance of a general risk stratification GNB sepsis model for community-onset and hospital-onset sepsis across hospitals.

Biomolecular Condensates are Characterized by Interphase Electric Potentials.

Biomolecular condensates form via processes that combine phase separation and reversible associations of multivalent macromolecules. Condensates can be two- or multiphase systems defined by coexisting dense and dilute phases. Here, we show that solution ions partition asymmetrically across coexisting phases defined by condensates formed by intrinsically disordered proteins or homopolymeric RNA molecules.

Prompt-guided and multimodal landscape scenicness assessments with vision-language models.

Recent advances in deep learning and Vision-Language Models (VLM) have enabled efficient transfer to downstream tasks even when limited labelled training data is available, as well as for text to be directly compared to image content. These properties of VLMs enable new opportunities for the annotation and analysis of images. We test the potential of VLMs for landscape scenicness prediction, i.

HiMAL: Multimodal Hierarchical Multi-task Auxiliary Learning framework for predicting Alzheimer's disease progression.

Objective: We aimed to develop and validate a novel multimodal framework erarchical ulti-task uxiliary earning ( framework, for predicting cognitive composite functions as auxiliary tasks that estimate the longitudinal risk of transition from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's Disease (AD).

Materials And Methods: HiMAL utilized multimodal longitudinal visit data including imaging features, cognitive assessment scores, and clinical variables from MCI patients in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset, to predict at each visit if an MCI patient will progress to AD within the next 6 months. Performance of HiMAL was compared with state-of-the-art single-task and multitask baselines using area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) and precision recall curve (AUPRC) metrics.

Carbon Adsorbent Properties Impact Hydrated Electron Activity and Perfluorocarboxylic Acid (PFCA) Destruction.

Carbon-based adsorbents used to remove recalcitrant water contaminants, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are often regenerated using energy-intensive treatments that can form harmful byproducts. We explore mechanisms for sorbent regeneration using hydrated electrons (e ) from sulfite ultraviolet photolysis (UV/sulfite) in water. We studied the UV/sulfite treatment on three carbon-based sorbents with varying material properties: granular activated carbon (GAC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and polyethylenimine-modified lignin (lignin).

Effect of machine learning models on clinician prediction of postoperative complications: the Perioperative ORACLE randomised clinical trial.

Background: Anaesthesiologists might be able to mitigate risk if they know which patients are at greatest risk for postoperative complications. This trial examined the impact of machine learning models on clinician risk assessment.

Methods: This single-centre, prospective, randomised clinical trial enrolled surgical patients aged ≥18 yr.

Direct computations of viscoelastic moduli of biomolecular condensates.

Biomolecular condensates are viscoelastic materials defined by time-dependent, sequence-specific complex shear moduli. Here, we show that viscoelastic moduli can be computed directly using a generalization of the Rouse model that leverages information regarding intra- and inter-chain contacts, which we extract from equilibrium configurations of lattice-based Metropolis Monte Carlo (MMC) simulations of phase separation. The key ingredient of the generalized Rouse model is a graph Laplacian that we compute from equilibrium MMC simulations.

IL-10R inhibition reprograms tumor-associated macrophages and reverses drug resistance in multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the cancer of plasma cells within the bone marrow and remains incurable. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the tumor microenvironment often display a pro-tumor phenotype and correlate with tumor proliferation, survival, and therapy resistance. IL-10 is a key immunosuppressive cytokine that leads to recruitment and development of TAMs.

YAP charge patterning mediates signal integration through transcriptional co-condensates.

Transcription factor dynamics are used to selectively engage gene regulatory programs. Biomolecular condensates have emerged as an attractive signaling substrate in this process, but the underlying mechanisms are not well-understood. Here, we probed the molecular basis of YAP signal integration through transcriptional condensates.

Towards a Customizable, SLA 3D-Printed Biliary Stent: Optimizing a Commercially Available Resin and Predicting Stent Behavior with Accurate In Silico Testing.

Inflammation of the bile ducts and surrounding tissues can impede bile flow from the liver into the intestines. If this occurs, a plastic or self-expanding metal (SEM) stent is placed to restore bile drainage. United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved plastic biliary stents are less expensive than SEMs but have limited patency and can occlude bile flow if placed spanning a duct juncture.

FAST (fast analytical simulator of tracer)-PET: an accurate and efficient PET analytical simulation tool.

Simulation of positron emission tomography (PET) images is an essential tool in the development and validation of quantitative imaging workflows and advanced image processing pipelines. Existing Monte Carlo or analytical PET simulators often compromise on either efficiency or accuracy. We aim to develop and validate fast analytical simulator of tracer (FAST)-PET, a novel analytical framework, to simulate PET images accurately and efficiently.

Surgical Perfusion and Isolation of the Porcine Pancreas for Islet Isolation.

Pancreatic islet transplantation is an emerging treatment for type I diabetes; however, it is limited by donor matching and availability. Porcine islet xenotransplantation offers a promising alternative to allotransplantation, with the potential for large-scale production of on-demand, functional islets. The yield and viability of isolated islets is highly susceptible to the quality of the donor pancreas and the method of procurement, particularly the duration of warm-ischemia time.

Influence of signal-to-noise ratio on DoLP and AoP measurements during reflectance-mode division-of-focal plane Stokes polarimetry of biological tissues.

Stokes polarimeter based endoscopes are emerging as an area of technology where polarization imaging can greatly impact clinical care by improving diagnostic tools without the use of exogenous contrast. Image acquisition in minimally invasive surgical settings is often beset by inherently limited illumination. A comprehensive analysis of how signal-to-noise (SNR) propagates through Stokes polarimetric outcomes such as degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and angle of polarization (AoP) in low light is important for future interpretation of data acquired in low-light conditions.