Glucocorticoid- and Transplantation-Induced Osteoporosis.

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis; nonetheless, it remains an undertreated condition. Transplantation-induced osteoporosis encompasses a broad range of unique pathogenetic features with distinct characteristics dependent on the transplanted organ. Understanding the pathogenesis of bone loss is key to recommending osteoporosis therapy in these patients.

Basal ganglia calcification in hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism: local and systemic metabolic mechanisms.

Background: Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism are rare disorders of mineral metabolism which may be associated with soft tissue calcification in the basal ganglia in the brain, and occasionally the skin and other tissues. The basal ganglia are the most common sites of calcification in the central nervous system in these disorders, and were first associated with this manifestation in a report from the Mayo Clinic in 1939. The reasons why the basal ganglia are a common site of soft tissue calcification in these rare disorders has been a matter of investigation for many years.

Transgender bone health.

Gonadal sex steroids play a pivotal role in bone health. Medical and surgical therapies for gender dysphoria in both adolescents and adults can lead to skeletal changes. This review evaluates the literature on transgender bone health, and how the data can be translated into clinical practice.

Causes of low peak bone mass in women.

Peak bone mass is the maximum bone mass that accrues during growth and development. Consolidation of peak bone mass normally occurs during early adulthood. Low peak bone mass results from failure to achieve peak bone mass genetic potential, primarily due to bone loss caused by a variety of conditions or processes occurring at younger ages than usual.

Abaloparatide: Recombinant human PTHrP (1-34) anabolic therapy for osteoporosis.

The treatment of osteoporosis is generally either by inhibition of bone resorption with antiresorptive agents or by stimulation of bone formation with anabolic agents. Currently, teriparatide (recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1-34 [rhPTH (1-34)]) is the only available approved anabolic agent in the U.S.

Bone biology, signaling pathways, and therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.

Major advances have occurred recently in the treatment of osteoporosis in recent years. Most patients are currently treated with bisphosphonates, denosumab, raloxifene, or teriparatide, and in some countries, strontium ranelate. Strontium ranelate and calcitonin have recently had their use restricted due to cardiovascular concerns and malignancy, respectively.