Gender and educational trends in lifetime risk, age at onset, expectancy, and survival with cardiovascular disease in Finland, 1996-2020.

Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality globally. Examining trends in CVD burden and associated sociodemographic disparities can contribute to tailoring policies that promote cardiovascular health and narrow health disparities. However, existing studies predominantly focus only on mortality.

Stillbirth rate trends across 25 European countries between 2010 and 2021: the contribution of maternal age and multiplicity.

Stillbirth rates have stalled or increased in some European countries during the last decade. We investigate to what extent time-trends and between-country differences in stillbirth rates are explained by the changing prevalence of advanced maternal age and teenage pregnancies or multiple births. We analysed data on stillbirths and live births by maternal age and multiplicity from 2010 to 2021 in 25 European countries using Kitagawa decomposition to separate rate differences into compositional and rate components.

Parental Separation and Children's Education-Changes Over Time?

The association between parental separation and children's education has been widely studied, but mainly at a single time point and for marital dissolution only. We examine whether the (generally negative) association has changed across cohorts for several educational outcomes and whether the association differs by parental union type (marriage, cohabitation) and socioeconomic family background (parental education).We use Finnish total population register data.

Cohort profile: Swedish families of the 1990s (SWIFT90).

Purpose: The Swedish Families of the 1990s (SWIFT90) is a population-based national register cohort that follows everyone born between 1990 and 1999, their parents and siblings. The cohort was set up primarily to investigate factors associated with biological parents' involvement with child welfare services and their outcomes following child(ren) placement in out-of-home care (OHC) under the research project 'Drivers of inequalities of families involved in child welfare services (DRIVERS)'.

Participants: This cohort is defined as families consisting of parents and their children, of which at least one was born between 1990 and 1999 in Sweden, which totals 1 075 037 children.

Childhood family income and medication use in youth.

Background: Low family socioeconomic position is a well-established determinant of poor health in youth. Much less is known about the social patterning of youth medication use, and the current evidence is mixed. Furthermore, previous studies have not assessed important confounders of the associations.

Physical functioning trajectories over statutory retirement: a finnish occupational cohort study.

Background: The association of workload and performance with physical functioning is recognised among the ageing public sector workforce. The characteristics of working conditions and social- and health-related factors associated with physical functioning after statutory retirement are still unknown. Also, previous studies on changes in physical functioning have not used a person-oriented approach.

Long-term trends in educational inequalities in alcohol-attributable mortality, and their impact on trends in educational inequalities in life expectancy.

Background: Previous studies on socio-economic inequalities in mortality have documented a substantial contribution of alcohol-attributable mortality (AAM) to these inequalities. However, little is known about the extent to which AAM has contributed to time trends in socio-economic inequalities in mortality.

Objective: To study long-term trends in educational inequalities in AAM and assessed their impact on trends in educational inequalities in life expectancy in three European countries.

Seasonality in mortality and its impact on life expectancy levels and trends across Europe.

Background: Seasonal fluctuations in mortality affect annual life expectancy at birth (e). Nevertheless, evidence on the impact of seasonal mortality on longevity is very limited and mainly restricted to assessing season-specific mortality levels due to shocks (e.g.

More twins expected in low-income countries with later maternal ages at birth and population growth.

Study Question: How are the changing maternal age structure and population growth expected to shape future twinning rates in low-income countries?

Summary Answer: With maternal age at birth projected to shift toward older ages, twinning rates are also estimated to increase in most low-income countries by 2050 and even more by 2100.

What Is Known Already: Many of the sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries are undergoing, and projected to further experience, the shift of maternal age at birth to older ages. Advanced maternal age is a well-established predictor of multiple births at the individual level, but currently, it is unknown how the changes in maternal age distribution are associated with the changes in twinning rates at the population level in low-income countries.

Worldwide patterns and trends in ovarian cancer incidence by histological subtype: a population-based analysis from 1988 to 2017.

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is a heterogeneous malignancy with multiple histological subtypes, showing global variability in incidence. Temporal changes in diagnostic criteria and risk factors might influence the incidence and distribution of OC and its subtypes.

Methods: This study analyzed incidence patterns (2013-2017) and trends (1988-1992 to 2013-2017) of OC and its subtypes across 65 and 40 countries, respectively.

Incentives, Health, and Retirement: Evidence From a Finnish Pension Reform.

This paper examines, using exogenous variation generated by a Finnish pension reform implemented in 2005, the interplay between health and financial incentives to postpone retirement. Based on detailed administrative data on individual health and retirement behavior, we focus on whether individual reactions to incentives vary according to health status and analyze whether individuals with ill health are also able to take advantage of the potential monetary benefits of delayed retirement created by the reform. We find that on average, individuals react to the financial incentives created by the reform as expected.

The contribution of childhood adversity to adult socioeconomic gradients in mortality: A Swedish birth cohort analysis.

Background: "Child maltreatment is a leading cause of health inequality" according to a leading WHO report. This statement is often assumed, yet, the size of the contribution of childhood adversity to the adult socioeconomic gradient in mortality remains unknown. Inequalities in mortality have mostly been investigated by taking adult conditions as a starting point.

Urban-Rural Disparities in the Transition to Parenthood During Times of Uncertainty: A Multilevel Perspective on Finland.

Over the last 15 years, many European countries have experienced fertility declines. Existing research on this shift in fertility behavior points to economic aspects and increased levels of uncertainty as important drivers. However, in this debate little attention has been paid to how the relevance of individual- and contextual-level dimensions for understanding the new fertility patterns varies by level of urbanization.

Associations between adolescent psychiatric disorders and adulthood payment problems: a Norwegian register study of complete birth cohorts of 1995-1997.

Background: Psychiatric disorder diagnoses are linked to long-term socioeconomic 'shadows' into adulthood, but little is known about how these diagnoses are associated with adulthood payment problems in Norway and whether these associations are moderated by parental and area characteristics.

Methods: We combine Norwegian registry data with payment problem records from the public debt enforcement agency for the 1995-1997 birth cohorts (n=173 750). We ascertain behavioural, neurotic, mood and substance use disorder diagnoses from specialised care at ages 13-17.

Empirical prediction intervals applied to short term mortality forecasts and excess deaths.

Background: In the winter of 2022/2023, excess death estimates for Germany indicated a 10% elevation, which has led to questions about the significance of this increase in mortality. Given the inherent errors in demographic forecasting, the reliability of estimating a 10% deviation is questionable. This research addresses this issue by analyzing the error distribution in forecasts of weekly deaths.

Dementia and risks of temperature-related mortality and hospitalizations in Germany.

Background: Extreme temperatures are associated with negative health outcomes, in particular for older adults with pre-existing conditions. While climate change is expected to increase exposure to temperature levels that are detrimental for health, little is known about how dementia shapes vulnerability to extreme temperatures.

Methods: We leveraged repeated quarterly individual-level health claims from 2004 to 2019 on 250,000 individuals in Germany aged 50 years and above with information on key neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia.

Smooth Hazards With Multiple Time Scales.

Hazard models are the most commonly used tool to analyze time-to-event data. If more than one time scale is relevant for the event under study, models are required that can incorporate the dependence of a hazard along two (or more) time scales. Such models should be flexible to capture the joint influence of several time scales, and nonparametric smoothing techniques are obvious candidates.

Educational Differences in Fertility Among Female Same-Sex Couples in Finland.

Same-sex couples increasingly often live in legally recognized unions and have children as a couple. The accessibility of parenthood, however, depends on intersecting contextual and couple-level characteristics. Using Finnish register data on female same-sex couples who registered their partnership in 2002-2016, a period of important legal reforms regarding same-sex parenthood, we explore how education and the existence of prior children predict childbearing within the same-sex partnership.

Revisiting the J-Shape: Human Development and Fertility in the United States.

Economic and social development are closely linked with fertility. Several studies have shown that the relationship follows an inverse J-shape: the association is negative at low and intermediate levels of development and reverses to become positive at high development levels. However, more recent research building on subnational and U.

Associations between modifiable risk factors and cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: joint modelling of longitudinal and survival data.

Background: Stronger associations between modifiable risk factors and cognitive function have been found in younger than older adults. This age pattern may be subject to mortality selection and non-ignorable missingness caused by dropouts due to death, but this remains unclear.

Methods: Longitudinal data from 9,562 adults aged 50 and older from Waves 1-4 (2011-2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were used.

Homecoming After Brexit: Evidence on Academic Migration From Bibliometric Data.

This study assesses the initial effects of the 2016 Brexit referendum on the mobility of academic scholars to and from the United Kingdom (UK). We leverage bibliometric data from millions of Scopus publications to infer changes in the countries of residence of published researchers by the changes in their institutional affiliations over time. We focus on a selected sample of active and internationally mobile researchers whose movements are traceable for every year between 2013 and 2019 and measure the changes in their migration patterns.