The Role of Daylight for Humans: Gaps in Current Knowledge.

Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of year and the nature of the physical environment (reflections, buildings and vegetation). Humans and their ancestors evolved under these natural day/night cycles over millions of years. Electric light, a relatively recent invention, interacts and competes with the natural light-dark cycle to impact human biology.

Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush).

Background: Anti-fungals are available for oral and intra-vaginal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Objectives: The primary objective of this review is to assess the relative effectiveness (clinical cure) of oral versus intra-vaginal anti-fungals for the treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis. Secondary objectives include the assessment of the relative effectiveness in terms of mycological cure, in addition to safety, side effects, treatment preference, time to first relief of symptoms, and costs.

Barriers to home-based palliative care in people with cancer: A qualitative study of the perspective of caregivers.

Aim: To investigate the barriers to home-based palliative care for cancer patients from professional caregivers' experiences.

Design: A qualitative study.

Method: This is a descriptive-qualitative study carried out in the community-based care.

Sleep Restriction With Circadian Disruption Negatively Alter Bone Turnover Markers in Women.

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to determine whether an uncoupling of bone turnover markers (BTMs) occurs in women exposed to the combination of sleep restriction with circadian disruption (SRCD), as previously reported in men.

Methods: Four bone biomarkers (N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen [P1NP] and osteocalcin = bone formation; C-telopeptide [CTX] = bone resorption; sclerostin = bone formation inhibitor) were measured in bihourly samples over 24 hours at baseline and after approximately 3 weeks of sleep restriction (~5.6 hours of sleep/24 hours) with concurrent circadian disruption (SRCD, recurring 28-hour "day" in dim light).

Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity of flavoured e-cigarette liquids.

Background And Aims: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors have been hypothesised to be important in tobacco dependence, reinforcing the brain's response to nicotine by delaying the degradation of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidases. The development of electronic cigarettes has provided an alternative nicotine delivery system, which is widely viewed as less toxic than tobacco smoke. However, significant data gaps remain.

Rapid suppression of bone formation marker in response to sleep restriction and circadian disruption in men.

Unlabelled: We describe the time course of bone formation marker (P1NP) decline in men exposed to ~ 3 weeks of sleep restriction with concurrent circadian disruption. P1NP declined within 10 days and remained lower with ongoing exposure. These data suggest even brief exposure to sleep and circadian disruptions may disrupt bone metabolism.

Cancer control in the Pacific: big challenges facing small island states.

This Series paper describes the current state of cancer control in Pacific island countries and territories (PICTs). PICTs are diverse but face common challenges of having small, geographically dispersed, isolated populations, with restricted resources, fragile ecological and economic systems, and overburdened health services. PICTs face a triple burden of infection-related cancers, rapid transition to lifestyle-related diseases, and ageing populations; additionally, PICTs are increasingly having to respond to natural disasters associated with climate change.

Cancer control in small island nations: from local challenges to global action.

Cancer is a leading cause of death in small island nations and is forecast to increase substantially over the coming years. Governments, regional agencies, and health services of these nations face daunting challenges, including small and fragile economies, unequal distribution of resources, weak or fragmented health services, small population sizes that make sustainable workforce and service development problematic, and the unavailability of specialised cancer services to large parts of the population. Action is required to prevent large human and economic costs relating to cancer.

Cancer management in the Pacific region: a report on innovation and good practice.

Pacific island countries and territories (PICTs) face the challenge of a growing cancer burden. In response to these challenges, examples of innovative practice in cancer planning, prevention, and treatment in the region are emerging, including regionalisation and coalition building in the US-affiliated Pacific nations, a point-of-care test and treat programme for cervical cancer control in Papua New Guinea, improving the management of children with cancer in the Pacific, and surgical workforce development in the region. For each innovation, key factors leading to its success have been identified that could allow the implementation of these new developments in other PICTs or regions outside of the Pacific islands.

The Psychosocial Interactions of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors and the Possible Relationship With Their Development.

Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYAs; 16-25 years old) with cancer may be particularly affected by social interactions, as they can be grappling with a serious illness and normal developmental challenges.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to explore interactions relevant to AYA survivors and cancer and to investigate whether specific interactions are experienced as more and less helpful.

Methods: Ten semistructured interviews were conducted with AYAs, with questions pertaining to their psychosocial interactions and any developmental effects from having cancer.

Measured collagen fibril response to arterial inflation using SAXS.

Arteries are elastic structures containing both elastin and collagen. While the high content of elastin is understood to be important for the elasticity of arteries with systolic and diastolic pressure pulses, the role of collagen in the elastic properties of arteries is less understood. Here we use small angle X-ray scattering to investigate the changes in arrangement of collagen fibrils and the strain experienced by collagen fibrils as arteries are inflated.

Reflecting on Behavioral Spillover in Context: How Do Behavioral Motivations and Awareness Catalyze Other Environmentally Responsible Actions in Brazil, China, and Denmark?

Responding to serious environmental problems, requires urgent and fundamental shifts in our day-to-day lifestyles. This paper employs a qualitative, cross-cultural approach to explore people's subjective self-reflections on their experiences of pro-environmental behavioral spillover in three countries; Brazil, China, and Denmark. Behavioral spillover is an appealing yet elusive phenomenon, but offers a potential way of encouraging wider, voluntary lifestyle shifts beyond the scope of single behavior change interventions.

Fish oil supplement use in New Zealand: A cross-sectional survey.

Objective: The aims of the survey were to determine: (i) the percentage of fish oil supplement users in a sample population; (ii) why people take fish oil supplements; (iii) where fish oil supplements are stored as well as the average daily dosage; (iv) what dietary and lifestyle behaviours are associated with fish oil supplement use.

Design: An online cross-sectional survey.

Setting: New Zealand.

Plasma levels of soluble VEGF receptor isoforms, circulating pterins and VEGF system SNPs as prognostic biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Background: Development of collateral circulation in coronary artery disease is cardio-protective. A key process in forming new blood vessels is attraction to occluded arteries of monocytes with their subsequent activation as macrophages. In patients from a prospectively recruited post-acute coronary syndromes cohort we investigated the prognostic performance of three products of activated macrophages, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors (sFlt-1 and sKDR) and pterins, alongside genetic variants in VEGF receptor genes, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2.

The multistep hypothesis of ALS revisited: The role of genetic mutations.

Objective: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) incidence rates are consistent with the hypothesis that ALS is a multistep process. We tested the hypothesis that carrying a large effect mutation might account for ≥1 steps through the effect of the mutation, thus leaving fewer remaining steps before ALS begins.

Methods: We generated incidence data from an ALS population register in Italy (2007-2015) for which genetic analysis for , and genes was performed in 82% of incident cases.

What influences university students to seek sexually transmitted infection testing?: A qualitative study in New Zealand.

Objective: Untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can lead to serious health complications, increase susceptibility to contracting further STIs including human immunodefiniceny virus (HIV), and can be transmitted to others. The early diagnosis and treatment of STIs is therefore central to comprehensive STI management and prevention, but this relies on those at risk of STIs presenting for testing. In order to understand STI testing behaviours in view of their improvement, this study aimed to elucidate why people seek STI testing.

Nil Whey Protein Effect on Glycemic Control after Intense Mixed-Mode Training in Type 2 Diabetes.

Unlabelled: Although intense endurance and resistance exercise training and whey protein supplementation have both been shown to independently improve glycemic control, no known studies have examined the effect of high-intensity mixed-mode interval training (MMIT) and whey supplementation in adults with Type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Purpose: This study aimed to determine if peritraining whey protein supplementation combined with MMIT can improve glycemic control.

Methods: In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 24 men (55.

Effects of treatment changes on asthma phenotype prevalence and airway neutrophil function.

Background: Asthma inflammatory phenotypes are often defined by relative cell counts of airway eosinophils/neutrophils. However, the importance of neutrophilia remains unclear, as does the effect of ICS treatment on asthma phenotypes and airway neutrophil function. The purpose of this study was to assess asthma phenotype prevalence/characteristics in a community setting, and, in a nested preliminary study, determine how treatment changes affect phenotype stability and inflammation, with particular focus on airway neutrophils.

Multiple-Transportable Carbohydrate Effect on Long-Distance Triathlon Performance.

Unlabelled: The ingestion of multiple (2:1 glucose-fructose) transportable carbohydrate in beverages at high rates (>78 g·h) during endurance exercise enhances exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, fluid absorption, gut comfort, and performance relative to glucose alone. However, during long-distance endurance competition, athletes prefer a solid-gel-drink format, and the effect size of multiple-transportable carbohydrate is unknown.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of multiple-transportable carbohydrate on triathlon competition performance when ingested within bars, gels, and drinks.

The prevalence and practice impact of weight bias amongst Australian dietitians.

Objectives: This study explored weight bias amongst Australian Accredited Practising Dietitians (APDs) and the effect of client weight status on dietetic practice.

Methods: Participants were 201 APDs, recruited using purposive sampling. A self-administered questionnaire, the fat phobia scale (FPS), was completed to assess explicit weight bias.

Burden of disease from second-hand smoke exposure in New Zealand.

Aim: To estimate the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to secondhand smoke in New Zealand.

Method: Comparative risk assessment methods were used to estimate the attributable burden from second-hand smoke in children and non-smoking adults in New Zealand. Disease outcomes included were: ischaemic heart disease; stroke and lung cancer in adults; asthma; lower respiratory infections; otitis media; sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI); and low birthweight at term in children.