Spinal mobilisation and manipulation.

Used in a general sense, manipulation refers to the use of hands in a skillful manner for therapeutic techniques. Hence it can refer to any manual technique involving a passive movement be it specific manipulation, mobilisation, traction, soft tissue techniques or massage. In this paper manipulation refers to those manual techniques that apply a high velocity thrust at the end range of the joint; and mobilisation refers to a gentle repetitive rhythmic movement.

Therapeutic modalities and procedures. Part III: Kinetic procedures, surgical considerations, direct and alternating currents.

Among the topics discussed in this article are kinetic procedures such as massage, manipulation, vibration, traction, and exercise; electrosurgery with high-frequency currents; and electrical stimulation.

Spinal manipulative therapy. A status report.

Spinal manipulative therapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for patients with low back pain. It is both a manual diagnostic and a treatment method. Manual diagnosis includes the palpation of vertebral position, vertebral motion, joint play, end feel, soft tissue texture changes, and muscle contracture.

Orthopedic manual therapy--an overview. Part II: the spine.

The focus of this article is orthopedic manual therapy for the spine: 1) precautions and contraindications for manual methods of treatment; 2) definitions of general terms for therapeutic techniques of mobilization and traction; and 3) the general concepts and the evaluation, treatment, and aftertreatment procedures of James Cyriax, MD, MRCP; Freddy Kaltenborn, DO, RPT; Geoffrey Maitland, MAPA, FCSP; and John McM. Mennell, MD.