Gut-derived appetite regulating hormones across the anorexia nervosa spectrum.

Background: Appetite-regulating hormones are implicated in anorexia nervosa (AN) pathophysiology, however, data are limited for appetite-regulating hormones across the AN weight spectrum. We aimed to investigate fasting and post-prandial concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones - peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and ghrelin - among adolescent and young adult females across the AN weight spectrum, specifically those with AN and Atypical AN, and healthy controls (HC).

Methods: Participants (N = 95; ages 11-22 years) included 33 with AN, 25 with Atypical AN, and 37 HC.

Health literacy and COVID-19 pandemic impacts among adults in rural northern Arizona.

Introduction: Limited health literacy - the ability to access, process, and use health information and services - contributes to persistent health inequities. Yet little is known about associations of limited health literacy with impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for US adults in rural areas. This study sought to determine associations of limited health literacy with impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic among a diverse sample of adults in rural Northern Arizona.

Career duration and later-life health conditions among former professional American-style football players.

Objectives: Career duration is often used as a metric of neurotrauma exposure in studies of elite athletes. However, as a proxy metric, career length may not accurately represent causal factors, and associations with health outcomes may be susceptible to selection effects. To date, relationships between professional American-style football (ASF) career length and postcareer health remain incompletely characterised.

Frequency of Agreement Between Structural and Functional Glaucoma Testing: A Longitudinal Study of 3D OCT and Current Clinical Tests.

Purpose: To evaluate how often tests of structure and function detect glaucoma progression at the same study visit. Tests include current glaucoma clinical tests and a new 3-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) rim measurement.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Hypofractionated Radiotherapy-Related Lymphopenia Is Associated With Worse Survival in Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of radiotherapy (RT)-related lymphopenia, its predictors, and association with survival in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) treated with hypofractionated-RT (HF-RT).

Methods: Retrospective analysis of 96 patients with unresectable ICC who underwent HF-RT (median 58.05 Gy in 15 fractions) between 2009 and 2022 was performed.

The ASCENT Trial: a phase 2 study of induction and consolidation afatinib and chemoradiation with or without surgery in stage III EGFR-mutant NSCLC.

Background: The role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in early-stage and metastatic oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is established, but it remains unknown how best to integrate TKIs with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) in locally advanced disease. The phase 2 ASCENT trial assessed the efficacy and safety of afatinib and cCRT with or without surgery in locally advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant NSCLC.

Patients And Methods: Adults ≥18 years with histologically confirmed stage III (AJCC 7th edition) NSCLC with activating EGFR mutations were enrolled at Mass General and Dana-Farber/Brigham Cancer Centers, Boston, Massachusetts.

Adaptation of a health literacy screener for computerized, self-administered use by U.S. adults.

Objective: Health literacy is a critical health determinant, for which few computerized, self-administered assessments exist. This study adapted and tested the reliability of the Newest Vital Sign© (NVS) as a computerized, self-administered health literacy screener.

Methods: Phase one involved 33 participants to create response options for a computerized, self-administered NVS (C-NVS).

Association Between Metabolic Syndrome Inflammatory Biomarkers and COVID-19 Severity.

Context: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19. MetS inflammatory biomarkers share similarities with those of COVID-19, yet this association is poorly explored.

Objective: Biomarkers of COVID-19 patients with and without MetS, the combination of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and/or dyslipidemia, were analyzed to identify biological predictors of COVID-19 severity.

Neuropathology-Independent Association Between Genotype and Cognitive Decline Rate in the Normal Aging-Early Alzheimer Continuum.

Background And Objectives: We previously found that the genotype affects the rate of cognitive decline in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia independently of its effects on AD neuropathologic changes (ADNC) and copathologies. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the alleles differentially affect the rate of cognitive decline at the normal aging-early AD continuum and that this association is independent of their effects on classical ADNC and copathologies.

Methods: We analyzed associations with the cognitive trajectories (Clinical Dementia Rating scale Sum of Boxes [CDR-SOB] and Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]) of more than 1,000 individuals from a national clinicopathologic sample who had either no, mild (sparse neuritic plaques and the Braak neurofibrillary tangle [NFT] stage I/II), or intermediate (moderate neuritic plaques and the Braak NFT stage III/IV) ADNC levels at autopsy via 2 latent classes reverse-time longitudinal modeling.

Healthspan and chronic disease burden among young adult and middle-aged male former American-style professional football players.

Objective: To examine the relationships between age, healthspan and chronic illness among former professional American-style football (ASF) players.

Methods: We compared age-specific race-standardised and body mass index-standardised prevalence ratios of arthritis, dementia/Alzheimer's disease, hypertension and diabetes among early adult and middle-aged (range 25-59 years) male former professional ASF players (n=2864) with a comparator cohort from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and National Health Interview Survey, two representative samples of the US general population. Age was stratified into 25-29, 30-39, 40-49 and 50-59 years.

Caring for Adults With Significant Levels of Intellectual Disability in Outpatient Settings: Results of a National Survey of Physicians.

Between 1% and 2% of the U.S. population has an intellectual disability (ID) and often experience disparities in health care.

Preoperative homocysteine modifies the association between postoperative C-reactive protein and postoperative delirium.

Background: Homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP) may serve as biomarkers of postoperative delirium. We set out to compare the role of blood concentration of homocysteine versus CRP in predicting postoperative delirium in patients.

Materials And Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study, the plasma concentration of preoperative homocysteine and postoperative CRP was measured.

Visualizing biomarkers and their association with clinical outcomes: A machine learning approach.

Introduction: Clinical investigators often seek to identify biomarkers that are associated with clinical outcomes. The challenge is that biomarkers tend to be numerous, often inter-correlated, and with varying degrees of association with the clinical outcome of interest. We developed a straightforward, effective visualization approach that allows investigators to see the inter-correlations of biomarkers and their association with clinical outcomes rendered in a 2-dimensional (2-D) plot.

Odor Enrichment Attenuates the Anesthesia/Surgery-induced Cognitive Impairment.

Objective: To determine the association between olfactory function and cognition in patients and rodents.

Background: Perioperative neurocognitive disorders include delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR). The contribution of olfactory function to dNCR remains undetermined.

Association Between Resident Race and Ethnicity and Clinical Performance Assessment Scores in Graduate Medical Education.

Purpose: To assess the association between internal medicine (IM) residents' race/ethnicity and clinical performance assessments.

Method: The authors conducted a cross-sectional analysis of clinical performance assessment scores at 6 U.S.

Phase II Study of Cabozantinib in Patients With Bone Metastasis.

Bone metastases are often difficult to manage as they can be symptomatic and skeletal-related events (SREs) can contribute to significant morbidity and declines in performance status. We sought to identify a novel medical treatment for bone metastasis by testing the safety and efficacy of cabozantinib in patients with bone metastasis arising from non-breast, non-prostate, malignant solid tumors. Patients were administered cabozantinib as an oral drug starting at 60 mg per day and radiologic measurements were performed at baseline and every 8 weeks.

Factors associated with psychological distress in caregivers of patients with malignant gliomas.

Purpose: Caregivers of patients with malignant gliomas are at risk for psychological distress. However, factors associated with distress in this population have not been well described. We conducted a prospective study evaluating psychological distress in patients with malignant gliomas and their caregivers and exploring factors associated with caregiver distress.

Incidence of Accommodations for Patients With Significant Vision Limitations in Physicians' Offices in the US.

Importance: Despite documented disparities in health care for patients with significant vision impairments and legal mandates that patients with disability receive equitable care, little is known about the extent to which physicians practicing in the US accommodate these patients in outpatient clinical settings.

Objective: To empirically explore the extent of basic accommodations physicians practicing in the US provide to patients with significant vision limitations in outpatient care.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In this physician survey study, randomly selected physicians were surveyed throughout the US on their attitudes toward patients with disability.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer and venous thromboembolic events.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used cancer treatments. There are limited data on the risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) among patients on an ICI.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of 2854 patients who received ICIs at a single academic centre.

Therapy use for U.S. school-aged children with developmental disabilities: State variation and determinants.

Background: Therapy services can support developmental needs, improve social emotional outcomes, and reduce persistent health inequities for children with developmental disabilities (DD). Receipt of therapy services may be especially timely when children with DD are school-aged, once diagnosis has often occurred. Yet limited knowledge exists on geographic variability and determinants of therapy use among school-aged U.

Neoadjuvant versus Postoperative Chemoradiotherapy is Associated with Improved Survival for Patients with Resectable Gastric and Gastroesophageal Cancer.

Background: The optimal timing of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for patients with localized gastric cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the survival outcomes between neoadjuvant and postoperative CRT for patients with gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer.

Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 152 patients with gastric (42%) or GEJ (58%) adenocarcinoma who underwent definitive surgical resection and received either neoadjuvant or postoperative CRT between 2005 and 2017 at the authors' institution.

Association of adverse prenatal exposure burden with child psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

Objective: Numerous adverse prenatal exposures have been individually associated with risk for psychiatric illness in the offspring. However, such exposures frequently co-occur, raising questions about their cumulative impact. We evaluated effects of cumulative adverse prenatal exposure burden on psychopathology risk in school-aged children.