HLA genetic study in Iran Saqqez-Baneh Kurds: no genetic trace of Aryan invasions in Anatolian Turks and Kurds is found.

Kurds are living at Middle East region comprising several countries (38 million people) and also have emigrated to Asia, Europe and America. Kurds from Iran have been HLA typed in the present work from Saqqez and Baneh towns, Kordestan province, Iran. Origin of Kurds is considered autochthonous from Anatolia and surrounding mountains :they have been referred as "the mountain people" by classic Persian, Greek and Roman authors.

HLA Class II Allele and Haplotype Diversity in Libyans and Their Genetic Relationships with Other Populations.

: Libya witnessed the succession of many civilizations and ethnic groups throughout history, thereby questioning the origin of present-day Libyans. Indeed, they were considered Africans given the geographical position of the country, Arabs at the cultural level, and Berbers because of the notable presence of Berber tribes. Genetic anthropology studies investigating the origin of Libyans were rarely reported, and thus little was known about the population structure of current Libyans, particularly at autosomic markers level.

HLA in Colombia Wayu from Guajira Peninsula Amerindians: Pacific Ocean relationships.

Wayu Amerindians live around Guajira Peninsula shared by Colombia and Venezuela. Wayu from Colombia have been studied for their HLA profile and these data put in context with both genetic and cultural relatedness to Pacific Islanders. HLA-A*24 and HLA-B*35 (most likely HLA-A*24:02 and HLA-B*35:05) and HLA-DRB1*04:03 and HLA-DQB1*03:02 are shared both by Wayu and other Amerindians and Pacific Islanders in specific high frequency.

HLA in Uros from Peru Titikaka Lake: Tiwanaku, Easter and Pacific Islanders.

Uros people live in floating reed islands in Titikaka Lake in front of Puno town (Peru). They could have started Tiwanaku culture and shared genes and culture with Pacific Islanders; it is particularly relevant the giant hat covered men statues found in both Tiwanaku at Titikaka Lake shore and Easter Island (3700 km far from Chile in Pacific Ocean). These giants monoliths are very similar one another and unique in America and Pacific Islands.

Association of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles with type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes in African Arabs: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Unlabelled: Several studies confirmed the association of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles with altered risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, data from individual studies based on small sample sizes yielded often conflicting findings in African Arabs. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at comprehensively evaluating this association with T1D, using molecular HLA data.

Study of Colombia North Wiwa El Encanto Amerindians HLA- genes: Pacific Islanders relatedness.

We have studied Wiwa/Sanja Amerindians HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and DQB1 allele frequencies and extended haplotypes in 52 unrelated individuals from "El Encanto" town at Guanachaca riverside. High frequency alleles were in general present in other Amerindian populations. Also, three extended haplotypes and eight ones were respectively both "new found" and already described in Amerindians from North, Central and South America, including Lakota-Sioux, Mayas, Teeneks, Quechua and Aymaras.

The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from HLA genes.

This is the first genetic anthropology study on Arabs in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. The present meta-analysis included 100 populations from 36 Arab and non-Arab communities, comprising 16,006 individuals, and evaluates the genetic profile of Arabs using HLA class I (A, B) and class II (DRB1, DQB1) genes. A total of 56 Arab populations comprising 10,283 individuals were selected from several databases, and were compared with 44 Mediterranean, Asian, and sub-Saharan populations.

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians.

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean).

HLA genes in Barranquilla (North Colombia): Searching for cryptic Amerindian genes.

America First Inhabitants population (Amerindians, Na Dene and Eskimos) underwent a drastic population reduction and gene exchange after Europeans and Africans arrival after 1492 AD. Barranquilla population may be a good model to study present day population admixture in South America. HLA-A, -B and -DRB1 DNA typing has been performed in 188 unrelated individuals originated in the area and speak Spanish language; they showed apparent European/African and mixed characters.

HLA-DMB in Amerindians: Specific linkage of DMB*01:03:01/DRB1 alleles.

Background: HLA-DMB proteins are important for intracellular microbial metabolism in order other major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules present peptides to lymphocytes. In addition, HLA-DMB alleles have been found linked to diseases in some ethnic groups and HLA-DMB molecules may be important to explain HLA disease association.

Objective: To detect HLA-DMB alleles profile in Amerindians for the first time and compare them to other populations.

Characterisation and functional implications of the two new HLA-G alleles found in Amerindian and Caribbean populations.

HLA-G polymorphism has been found to be relatively low in all world populations. In the present paper two new HLA-G molecules are described in ancient American natives. A new HLA-G molecule from a Ecuador Amerindian individual (male) showed four codon changes with respect to HLA-G*01:01:01.

Mixtec Mexican Amerindians: an HLA alleles study for America peopling, pharmacogenomics and transplantation.

HLA-A, -B and -DRB1 alleles have been studied in a Mixtec Mexican Amerindian population by indirect DNA sequencing. HLA relatedness has been tested by comparing results with other Amerindians and worldwide populations; a total of 15,681 chromosomes have been used. Genetic distances between populations, Neighbour Joining (NJ) dendrograms and correspondence analyses have been carried out.

Gorgan (Turkmen in Iran) HLA genetics: transplantation, pharmacogenomics and anthropology.

HLA class I and II alleles have been studied in a population from Gorgan (North East Iranian city bordering Turkmenistan). This population is composed of mainly Turkmen who speak Oghuz Turkish language. Comparison of Gorgan people HLA profile has been carried out with about 7984 HLA chromosomes from other worldwide populations; extended haplotypes and three dimension genetic distances have been calculated by using neighbor-joining and correspondence relatedness analyses.

HLA genetic profile of Mapuche (Araucanian) Amerindians from Chile.

Amerindian Mapuche (Araucanians) are now living in Chile and Argentina at both sides of Andean Mountains. They are anthropologically and genetically different from southernmost South America Patagonian Amerindians. Most of the HLA alleles found in our Mapuche sample are frequent or very frequent in North and South America Amerindians: (1) Class I: A*02:01, A*03:01, A*68:01, B*39:09, B*51:01, (2) Class II: DRB1*03:01, DRB1*04:03, DRB1*07:01, DRB1*08:02, DRB1*14:02, DRB1*16:02.

HLA-G(∗)01:05N null allele in Mayans (Guatemala) and Uros (Titikaka Lake, Peru): evolution and population genetics.

HLA-G molecules seem to have a protective effect for the semi-allogeneic fetus by mother immunosuppression. Also, pregnancy pathologies have been associated to HLA-G(∗)01:05N "null allele". In addition, other general regulatory immune functions have been associated to HLA-G in infections, tumors and autoimmunity.

Amerindians show association to obesity with adiponectin gene SNP45 and SNP276: population genetics of a food intake control and "thrifty" gene.

Adiponectin gene polymorphisms SNP45 and SNP276 have been related to metabolic syndrome (MS) and related pathologies, including obesity. However results of associations are contradictory depending on which population is studied. In the present study, these adiponectin SNPs are for the first time studied in Amerindians.

Amerindians show no association of PPAR-γ2 gene Ala12 allele and obesity: an "unthrifty" variant population genetics.

Obesity is for many scholars the most important starting status that gives rise to Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). In the present paper, a genetically homogeneous Amerindian population, as defined by HLA genes, has been genotyped for one of the MS and T2D predisposing genes: PPAR-γ Ala12 and Pro 12 variants. Ala12 has been negatively associated with obesity, but other authors do not find such an association.

Amerindians show no association of PC-1 gene Gln121 allele and obesity: a thrifty gene population genetics.

PC-1 Gln121 gene is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance in European/American Caucasoids and Orientals. We have aimed to correlate for the first time this gene in Amerindians with obesity and their corresponding individuals genotypes with obesity in order to establish preventive medicine programs for this population and also studying the evolution of gene frequencies in world populations. Central obesity was diagnosed by waist circumference perimeter and food intake independent HDL-cholesterol plasma levels were measured.

Amerindians normalized waist circumference and obesity diagnosis standarized by biochemical and HLA data.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) and obesity are principal causes of morbidity all over the World, particularly for their association to cardiovascular risk. Amerindians are often living in countries and remote areas with unavailable sophisticated diagnoses methodologies. However, waist-circumference is a reliable and easy to record parameter of visceral obesity and MS.

Las Alpujarras region (South East Spain) HLA genes study: evidence of a probable success of 17th century repopulation from North Spain.

Conquest of Granada Muslim Kingdom (1492 AD) finished with Muslim occupation; they were mostly North African Berbers who had reached Iberia by 711 AD. A politics of Iberian Christianization followed after this date: Jewish were expelled in 1492 and Moriscos (Spaniards practicing Muslim religion or speaking Arab) were expelled from all Spanish territory on 1609 AD. Las Alpujarras is a southern Spain mountainous secluded region, which underwent a repopulation from North Spain and a specific Muslim (Moriscos)-Christian war took place according to historical records.

HLA genes in populations of the Aleutian islands.

We typed a subset of the Aleut population for HLA loci (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1) to obtain an HLA profile, which was compared to other Eurasian and Amerindian populations for studying Aleut origin and its significance on the peopling of the Americas. Allele frequencies at the four loci were identified in an Aleut sample using standard indirect DNA sequencing methods. Genetic distances with Amerindians and Eurasians were obtained by comparing Aleut allele frequencies with a worldwide population database (13,164 chromosomes).

Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1 class II genes in Mexican Amerindian Mazahuas: genes and languages do not correlate.

Background: The major histocompatibility complex genes are located on the short arm of the human sixth chromosome; they are highly polymorphic and therefore have been very advantageous in population genetic studies.

Methods: A Mazahua group established in North Mexico State and also in nearby Michoacan state in the rainy mountain highlands (Mexico) was studied for their human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles. The relationship with other Amerindians and worldwide populations was studied by using 14,996 chromosomes from 75 different populations and calculating neighbor-joining dendrograms and correspondence multidimensional values.