A call for social accountability within pharmacy education: Partnership, competency, and leadership.

Introduction: To address the needs of the community, social accountability (SA) needs to be integrated in health education, especially pharmacy education. This is part one of a two-part commentary that focuses specifically on partnership, competency, and leadership as it relates to SA within pharmacy education.

Commentary: Here the need for partnership in SA, competency of SA in pharmacy education, and leadership in SA is discussed.

Association between mental health and self-care behavior among older adults with diabetes according to Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2019.

Aim: To assess the association of mental health burden with diabetes-related self-care behaviors and healthcare utilization among older adults.

Method: This cross-sectional 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) study included ≥ 65 years old adults with self-reported diabetes. Three groups were used based on the number of days in the past month affected by mental health: 0 days (no burden), 1-13 days (occasional burden), and 14-30 days (frequent burden).

Diabetes: how to manage gestational diabetes mellitus.

Due to worldwide increases in obesity and average maternal age, the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing. The primary treatment of GDM is medical nutrition therapy but approximately 15-30% of individuals need pharmacotherapy to reach blood glucose goals to minimize the adverse consequences of hyperglycaemia. In the past, regular and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin were the mainstays of pharmacological treatment for GDM due to their well-established safety; however, because they are administered as injections and require strict timing of doses and meals to minimize hypoglycaemia, alternatives are often sought.

Fostering cultural sensitivity amongst students of pharmacy through an interprofessional book club activity.

Background And Purpose: To describe a large-scale, cultural sensitivity-focused interprofessional book club activity that is required in the first-professional year of an accelerated pharmacy curriculum.

Educational Activity And Setting: An interprofessional book club activity, focusing on the need for cultural sensitivity in health care, is conducted annually for students in the acupuncture, pharmacy, physical therapy, physician assistant, and sonography programs. Each year over 400 students are required to attend and are assigned to interprofessional groups to discuss guided questions pertaining to the book written by Anne Fadiman, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures.

Clinical Utility of Pharmacogenomic Data Collected by a Health-System Biobank to Predict and Prevent Adverse Drug Events.

Introduction: Medication-related harm represents a significant issue for patient safety and quality of care. One strategy to avoid preventable adverse drug events is to utilize patient-specific factors such as pharmacogenomics (PGx) to individualize therapy.

Objective: We measured the number of patients enrolled in a health-system biobank with actionable PGx results who received relevant medications and assessed the incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) that might have been prevented had the PGx results been used to inform prescribing.

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C19 and Proton Pump Inhibitor Dosing.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used for acid suppression in the treatment and prevention of many conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive esophagitis, Helicobacter pylori infection, and pathological hypersecretory conditions. Most PPIs are metabolized primarily by cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) into inactive metabolites, and CYP2C19 genotype has been linked to PPI exposure, efficacy, and adverse effects. We summarize the evidence from the literature and provide therapeutic recommendations for PPI prescribing based on CYP2C19 genotype (updates at www.

Report of the 2018-2019 Research and Graduate Affairs Committee.

The 2018-2019 Research and Graduate Affairs Committee (RGAC) was charged with critically evaluating the leadership development support necessary for pharmacy researchers, including postdoctoral trainees, to develop the skills needed to build and sustain successful research programs and analyzing how well those needs are being met by existing programs both within AACP and at other organizations. The RGAC identified a set of skills that could reasonably be expected to provide the necessary foundation to successfully lead a research team and mapped these skills to the six domains of graduate education in the pharmaceutical sciences established by the 2016-2017 RGAC (Table 1). In addition, the RGAC identified competency in team science and the bench-to-bedside-to-beyond translational spectrum as being critical elements of research leadership.

Review of Cerliponase Alfa: Recombinant Human Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Late-Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Type 2.

The objective of this review is to summarize the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of cerliponase alfa for the treatment of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2). Cerliponase alfa is recombinant human tripeptidyl peptidase 1 enzyme replacement therapy. A phase 1/2 trial established the efficacy and safety of cerliponase alfa for treatment of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2.

Standardizing CYP2D6 Genotype to Phenotype Translation: Consensus Recommendations from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium and Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group.

Translating CYP2D6 genotype to metabolizer phenotype is not standardized across clinical laboratories offering pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing and PGx clinical practice guidelines, such as the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) and the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG). The genotype to phenotype translation discordance between laboratories and guidelines can cause discordant cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) phenotype assignments and, thus lead to inconsistent therapeutic recommendations and confusion among patients and clinicians. A modified-Delphi method was used to obtain consensus for a uniform system for translating CYP2D6 genotype to phenotype among a panel of international CYP2D6 experts.

The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium: 10 Years Later.

In 2009, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC, www.cpicpgx.org), a shared project between Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB, http://www.

Digital health evaluation workshop for interprofessional healthcare students.

The use of online resources by patients for their daily health needs has escalated with the proliferation of mobile devices and mobile apps. While healthcare professionals can help their patients access quality online resources and tools, they may not have received the education and training to do this effectively. To meet this educational need, a daylong workshop was developed at a health sciences university that aimed to increase awareness of students in various health disciplines of mobile health-related apps and federally sponsored websites that provide patient-friendly medical information.

Assessing experiential education factors contributing to a PGY1 residency match: Pharmacy residency program director and comparative student survey.

Objective: To compare and contrast experiential education perceptions of pharmacy residency program directors (RPDs) and doctor of pharmacy students in their last year of the curriculum for residency application considerations.

Methods: The New England Regional Departments of Experiential Education (NERDEE) consortium developed a 17-question survey to assess residency factors, including those related to experiential education. The survey was dispersed to advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) students from six colleges/schools of pharmacy and RPDs nationwide.

Increased Patient Satisfaction and a Reduction in Pre-Analytical Errors Following Implementation of an Electronic Specimen Collection Module in Outpatient Phlebotomy.

Background: Patient satisfaction in outpatient phlebotomy settings typically depends on wait time and venipuncture experience, and many patients equate their experiences with their overall satisfaction with the hospital.

Methods: We compared patient service times and preanalytical errors pre- and postimplementation of an integrated electronic health record (EHR)-laboratory information system (LIS) and electronic specimen collection module. We also measured patient wait time and assessed patient satisfaction using a 5-question survey.

Development of an algorithm to assess appropriateness of overriding alerts for nonformulary medications in a computerized prescriber-order-entry system.

Purpose: An algorithm for assessing the appropriateness of physician overrides of clinical decision support alerts triggered by nonformulary medication (NFM) requests is described.

Methods: Data on a random sample of 5000 NFM alert overrides at Brigham and Women's Hospital over a four-year period (2009-12) were extracted from the hospital's computerized prescriber-order-entry (CPOE) system. Through an iterative process, a scheme for categorizing the reasons given by prescribers for alert overrides was developed.

Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes: what is the connection?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition primarily affecting individuals 65 years of age and older. There are few therapies available, and the disease is eventually fatal. Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of AD remain unknown, a strong correlation between insulin dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and AD has recently been established.