Optical coherence tomography biomarkers DROL, PROS, SND, hyperreflective walls of foveal cystoid spaces as predictors of central macular thickness and visual acuity in diabetic macular edema treated with intravitreal ranibizumab.

Purpose: This study aims to establish DROL (disruption of retinal outer layers), PROS (photoreceptor outer segment length), SND (subfoveal neuroretinal detachment), and hyperreflective walls of foveal cystoid spaces (HRW) as optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers and predictors of central macular thickness (CMT) and visual acuity in diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR).

Methods: In this prospective, interventional study performed at a tertiary care center over a span of 1 year from December 2021 to December 2022, 50 eyes of 46 patients of DME were included. Visual acuity and spectral domain OCT imaging were performed at baseline.

Comparison of cosmesis, mydriasis, fundus visibility, and anterior chamber depth following single-pass four-throw pupilloplasty in congenital and traumatic iris defects.

Purpose: To compare postoperative cosmesis, mydriasis, fundus visibility, and anterior chamber depth (ACD) in congenital and traumatic iris defects after single-pass four-throw pupilloplasty (SFTP).

Settings And Design: Hospital-based non-randomized interventional study.

Methods: SFTP was done along with phacoemulsification in six patients each with congenital and traumatic iris defects, and the patients were followed for a minimum period of 3 months.

Extended depth of focus intraocular lens versus a new monofocal intraocular lens: A prospective comparative and interventional study.

Purpose: To compare the visual outcome findings between a new monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) (Tecnis Eyhance) and extended depth of focus (EDOF) IOL (Appasamy Supraphob Infocus).

Methods: This prospective comparative interventional study evaluated 31 patients after implantation of Tecnis Eyhance (15 patients) and Supraphob EDOF IOL (16 patients). The uncorrected and corrected distance and intermediate and near visual acuity were measured at postoperative day 1, 1 week, 4 week, and 3 months.

Quantitative measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and its correlation with optical coherence tomography angiography vascular biomarker changes in preclinical diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: The present study was done to assess the use of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in detecting earlier stages of diabetic retinopathy and for the early management and effective blood glucose control in preclinical diabetic patients for preventing retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning.

Methods: A tertiary care center-based prospective observational study was conducted from the year 2021 to 2022 in the Department of Ophthalmology. The study included 50 cases and 50 controls.

Evaluation of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in the diagnosis of pre-perimetric glaucoma and comparison to retinal nerve fiber layers.

Purpose: Evaluation of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in the diagnosis of pre-perimetric glaucoma (PPG) and comparison to retinal nerve fiber layers.

Methods: This study was a prospective hospital-based study. A total of 30 PPG and control patients were studied for retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer complex (GC-IPL) by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Effect of Body Mass Index on Post Tonsillectomy Hemorrhages.

Aims: Obesity affects adverse outcomes in patients undergoing various surgeries. The study was carried out to assess the clinical association between body mass index and post tonsillectomy hemorrhages.

Materials And Methods: This prospective study was carried out on 60 patients, age between 5 and 40 years, admitted in Department of ENT with chronic tonsillitis.

Comparison of Inflammatory Markers for Prediction of Recurrence of Nasal Polyp after Functional Endoscopy Sinus Surgery.

The study was carried out to correlate the inflammatory markers (NLR, ELR, PLR) before and after endoscopic sinus surgery and their role in the prediction of recurrent nasal polyps. This was a hospital-based observational study carried out the 43 patients, aged between 18-45 years, admitted to the department of ENT with CRSwNP and underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. NLR, ELR & PLR values were compared for each patient and calculated from complete blood counts taken before and after surgery follow-up period at post-op 1st week, 3rd week, 3rd month, and 6th month.

Buckets associated home drowning in Indian infants and toddlers: An analysis of 18 fatalities from 2016-2022.

Cases of drowning at home of unsupervised infants and toddlers in buckets have been reported elsewhere but little research on this largely preventable death in India exists. We performed a descriptive analysis on the basis of Google search of published news report in leading Indian newspapers or news channels. Data were collected employing a pre-determined tool.

Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis Post Typhoid fever: Atypical Case Report.

Post typhoid autoimmune-mediated simultaneous retrobulbar optic neuritis (RBN) involving both eyes is a rare complication requiring early diagnosis and prompt treatment. We present a case of bilateral RBN in a six-year-old male who came to our department with a chief complaint of sudden onset painless profound loss of vision in both eyes, after an episode of high-grade fever 2 weeks earlier. Perception of light was doubtful in right eye (RE) and vision was hand movement in left eye (LE).

Prevalence of dry eye, its categorization (Dry Eye Workshop II), and pathological correlation: A tertiary care study.

Purpose: To study the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED), further categorize using DEWS II protocol, grade squamous metaplasia in each group, and determine associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: This cross-sectional hospital-based study screened 897 patients ≥30 years via systematic random sampling. Patients with both symptoms and signs as defined by the Dry Eye Workshop II protocol were considered as DED, further categorized, and subjected to impression cytology.

Evaluation of tumor budding and its correlation with histomorphological prognostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its association with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process.

Objective: To evaluate the association of tumor budding (TB) with prognostic histomorphological parameters in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to investigate the correlation of TB intensity with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Material And Method: A total of 200 cases diagnosed as OSCC were selected and their TB status was reviewed using Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Correlation with histomorphological prognostic parameters was done.

Novel optical coherence tomography angiography biomarkers in the diagnosis and assessment of diabetic macular edema and diabetic macular ischemia in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: The present study aims to determine the macular and choroidal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) biomarkers in the assessment and monitoring of diabetic macular edema (DME) and diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).

Methods: In this cohort study, a total of 176 eyes of 110 patients with NPDR were investigated at our institute over a period of 10 months. Eyes were divided into four groups based on the severity of NPDR.

A study of post-operative clinico-imaging status and visual outcome after idiopathic macular hole surgery with amniotic membrane plug.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of hAM plug in the treatment of idiopathic macular hole and to see its post-operative visual improvement and anatomical apposition. 10 eyes of 10 patients who had idiopathic MH underwent a pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with the hAM plug implanted in MH. The patients were followed up on 2nd day, 1st week, 3rd week, 6th week and 3rd month.

Spectrum of histopathological changes and its quantification using a scoring system in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of histopathological and histomorphometric features in oesophageal biopsy of patients presenting with symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).

Material And Methods: Present study included 42 patients and 12 controls. Complete clinical evaluation followed by endoscopic examination of the patients was done and multipleoesophageal biopsies were taken.

Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on CD4 Count in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents in North India: A Non-Randomized Comparative Study.

Background: HIV infection is still a serious public health issue globally. Suboptimal vitamin D status is highly prevalent in HIV-infected children and adolescents throughout the world.

Objectives: To evaluate the outcome of vitamin D supplementation on CD4 count in HIV-infected children and adolescents with suboptimal vitamin D status.

Role of Immunohistochemistry and serology in subclassifying the Inflammatory Bowel Disease cases diagnosed as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases---unclassified on colonic biopsies.

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) mainly consist of Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). These two categories have overlapping histopathological features and sometimes it is difficult to diagnose them into distinct category and such biopsies are categorised as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD-U). Recently, there has been an increase in interest to discover new biomarkers of IBD to differentiate UC and CD and predict their prognosis.

Role of C4d in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Native Renal Diseases.

Introduction: C4d is a biomarker of the complement cascade and has a primary role in the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection in solid organ transplantation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of C4d in the diagnosis and prognosis of native renal diseases.

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology from September 2017 to September 2019.

Evaluation and Quantification of Cytomorphometry in Conjunction with Visual Examination and Exfoliative Cytology in Early Diagnosis of Oral Premalignant and Malignant Lesions.

Introduction: Incidence of oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very high in south Asian countries as compared to western population owing to a greater use of tobacco in these regions. While visual examination and exfoliative cytology are the most common screening and diagnostic modalities at present, it is a subjective analysis. Quantitative analyses such as nuclear size, cell size, and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio may provide an accurate diagnosis and improve reproducibility.

Evaluation of Role of Visual Inspection Using Acetic Acid (VIA) and Exfoliative Cytology in Screening and Early Detection of Oral Premalignant Lesions and Oral Cancer.

Objective: Oral cancer accounts for 50-70% of total cancer mortality. VIA screening has drastically changed the morbidity and mortality related to cervical cancer. In present study, we assessed the role of 5% Acetic Acid as a vital stain in oral mucosa of chronic tobacco chewers, to know if it can help in early diagnosis and improved prognosis of oral malignancies and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of VIA and exfoliative cytology for screening of Oral premalignant and malignant lesions in high risk population with limited health care infrastructure.

Vitamin D levels in paediatric intensive care unit patients and its relation to severity of illness: An Indian experience.

 Vitamin D deficiency is a common disorder that is associated with morbidity and mortality in the general population. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 384 children admitted to paediatric intensive care to determine its prevalence and association with severity of illness and outcome in critically ill children. The severity of illness was evaluated using the paediatric risk of mortality score (PRISM III), on admission, at 24 and 48 h.

Palatoradicular groove: The hidden predator and etiological factor - Advanced proposed classification and literature review.

Palatoradicular grooves are usually found on the palatal or lateral roots of maxillary central and lateral incisors. Since clinical identification of these grooves are inaccessible and arduous in routine oral hygiene practices and are susceptible alcoves for microorganism habituation and plaque accumulation, it may result in acute to severe periodontitis and, if untreated, periapical pathosis also. This paper discusses about a female patient who reported pus discharge in left upper lateral incisor.