Scaphoid fracture and nonunion: new directions.

The scaphoid is the largest of the carpal bones, articulating with both proximal and distal carpal rows. If scaphoid fractures are not appropriately diagnosed and treated, there is a risk of nonunion, osteonecrosis and degenerative arthritis. Operative management of the scaphoid fracture is primarily determined by the fracture location and amount of displacement.

Urinary incontinence management costs are reduced following Burch or sling surgery for stress incontinence.

Objective: The objective of the study was to estimate the effect of Burch and fascial sling surgery on out-of-pocket urinary incontinence (UI) management costs at 24 months postoperatively and identify predictors of change in cost among women enrolled in a randomized trial comparing these procedures.

Study Design: Resources used for UI management (supplies, laundry, dry cleaning) were self-reported by 491 women at baseline and 24 months after surgery, and total out-of-pocket costs for UI management (in 2012 US dollars) were estimated. Data from the 2 surgical groups were combined to examine the change in cost for UI management over 24 months.

Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with a cholinesterase inhibitor combined with antioxidants.

A formula (formula F) was prepared to counteract oxidative stress (OS) in the brain. The formula contained the most common antioxidants and was intended to: (a) protect proteins, lipids, DNA and proteoglycans from oxidation (carnosine, coenzyme Q(10), vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, selenium, L-cysteine and ginkgo biloba); (b) reduce homocysteine (HCy) blood levels (vitamins B(6), B(9) and B(12)), and (c) sustain the pentose phosphate cycle in circulating cells (vitamins B(1), B(2) and B(3)). Formula F contained low doses of each antioxidant component and was administered in a two-phase ampoule.

Neuroprotective effects of calmodulin peptide 76-121aa: disruption of calmodulin binding to mutant huntingtin.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutant huntingtin protein containing an expanded polyglutamine tract, which may cause abnormal protein-protein interactions such as increased association with calmodulin (CaM). We previously demonstrated in HEK293 cells that a peptide containing amino acids 76-121 of CaM (CaM-peptide) interrupted the interaction between CaM and mutant huntingtin, reduced mutant huntingtin-induced cytotoxicity and reduced transglutaminase (TG)-modified mutant huntingtin. We now report that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of CaM-peptide in differentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, stably expressing an N-terminal fragment of huntingtin containing 148 glutamine repeats, significantly decreases the amount of TG-modified huntingtin and attenuates cytotoxicity.

Extra-nuclear estrogen receptor GPR30 regulates serotonin function in rat hypothalamus.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac, are used to treat mood disorders. SSRIs attenuate (i.e.

Protective effects of interrupting the binding of calmodulin to mutant huntingtin.

There is evidence suggesting that transglutaminase (TG) 2 plays a role in stabilizing monomeric and aggregated huntingtin, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of Huntington disease. Calmodulin (CaM) regulates TG2 cross-linking of N-terminal mutant huntingtin in cells and colocalizes with TG and huntingtin in inclusions in Huntington disease cortex. The current study examined the effects of small fragments of CaM in human embryonic kidney 293T cells expressing N-terminal mutant huntingtin and transglutaminase 2.

The initial response of CD4+ IL-4-producing cells.

Naive CD4(+) T cells were reported to produce small amounts of IL-4 in vitro, which are implicated to be sufficient to initiate T(h)2 response in vivo. However, IL-4-producing naive CD4(+) T cells are difficult to study in vivo because they are present in low numbers shortly after the first antigen exposure. Here, we used IL-4/green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter mice (G4 mice) to track the initial response of CD4(+) IL-4-producing cells.

Changes in accumbal and pallidal pCREB and deltaFosB in morphine-sensitized rats: correlations with receptor-evoked electrophysiological measures in the ventral pallidum.

Activation of mu-opioid receptors in the ventral pallidum (VP) is important for the induction of behavioral sensitization to morphine in rats. The present study was designed to ascertain if neurons within the VP demonstrate sensitization at a time when morphine-induced behavioral sensitization occurred (ie 3 or 14 days after five once-daily injections of 10 mg/kg i.p.

SLV-308. Solvay.

Solvay is developing SLV-308 (SME-308), a partial dopamine D2 agonist and noradrenergic agonist with serotonin 5-HT1A agonist properties, for the potential oral treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), panic and depression. By January 2001, SLV-308 had entered phase II trials for PD and phase I trials for anxiety and depression.

DU-127090 Solvay/H Lundbeck.

DU-127090 is a mixed dopamine antagonist/serotonin agonist in development by Solvay and H Lundbeck as a potential treatment for psychosis and schizophrenia, for which it is in phase II clinical trials. In August 2002, phase II trials were ongoing and Lundbeck expected to commence phase III trials in 2003 and file an NDA after 2004. DU-127090 is also under development for Parkinson's disease, for which it is in phase I clinical trials.

Coronal fracture of the hamate body.

A case of a displaced coronal fracture of the hamate body with a 1-month delay in diagnosis is presented with a review of the literature regarding hamate-body fractures. Mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed. This diagnosis should be suspected on initial review of plain radiographs, which must include an oblique view in any patient presenting with pain after blunt trauma to the hand.

Comparison of sarcolemmal calcium channel current in rabbit and rat ventricular myocytes.

1. Fundamental properties of Ca2+ channel currents in rat and rabbit ventricular myocytes were measured using whole cell voltage clamp. 2.