Influence of Obesity, Race and Gender on Radiation Exposure for Epidural Procedures.

Purpose Of Review: This retrospective, case controlled, comparative evaluation review of radiation exposure during epidural procedures in interventional pain management assessed variations in radiation exposure based on obesity, race, and gender.

Recent Findings: Numerous publications have shown increasing radiation exposure based on body mass index (BMI). However, the influence of race and gender have not been studied.

Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Management of Cancer Pain: a Meta Analysis.

Purpose Of Review: The present investigation assesses efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on relief of cancer or chemotherapy-related pain. Patients with cancer experience a relatively high prevalence of pain that is reportedly undertreated. Therefore, this analysis is pertinent to determine if TENS is a useful complementary therapy considering its increase in accessibility and minimal side effect profile.

Efficacy of Immunotherapy for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Narrative Review.

Purpose Of Review: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic condition characterized by disproportional pain typically affecting an extremity. Management of CRPS is centered around specific symptomatology, which tends to be a combination of autonomic dysfunction, nociceptive sensitization, chronic inflammation, and/or motor dysfunction. Targeting the autoimmune component of CRPS provides a way to both symptomatically treat as well as minimize progression of CRPS.

Efficacy, Indications, and Safety of Intrathecal Baclofen Pump: A Narrative Review.

Purpose Of Review: Baclofen, a muscle relaxant that reduces the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the pre-synaptic neurons stimulating inhibitory neuronal signals in post-synaptic neurons, has been around for over 5 decades. Baclofen is used primarily for spasticity and since 1982, has had a role as an intrathecal agent. In the present investigation, we review research trends and updates on safety and efficacy of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pumps.

Efficacy of Transversus Thoracic Plane Block for Pain Management in Cardiac Surgeries.

Purpose Of Review: Effective pain management in cardiac surgery presents as a continuous challenge related to the intensity of postoperative pain and reliance on opioid therapy. The dependance of opioid-based therapies is concerning, as these therapies carry risk future addiction and potential severe side effects. The transversus thoracic plane block (TTPB) has emerged as a promising regional anesthesia technique that blocks the anterior branches of the intercostal nerves in the chest wall, potentially providing improved analgesia for cardiac surgery patients.

Rhomboid Intercostal and Subserratus Plane Block for Acute Pain Management after Abdominal Surgeries: A Narrative Review.

Purpose Of Review: The rhomboid intercostal and subserratus plane (RISS) block is an effective, safer alternative for managing postoperative acute pain following abdominal surgeries. The RISS block offers several advantages over traditional approaches, including reduced incidence of puncture-related complications, lower rates of systemic opioid consumption, and more consistent analgesic coverage of lower thoracic dermatomes.

Recent Findings: Despite a favorable safety profile, the RISS block carries potential risks, such as pneumothorax and local anesthetic systemic toxicity, particularly when long-acting anesthetics such as bupivacaine or ropivacaine are used.

Spinal Cord Stimulation for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review.

Purpose Of Review: Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent and debilitating condition affecting millions worldwide. Among emerging interventions, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has gained attention as a potential alternative for managing chronic LBP, particularly when alternative approaches fail to provide adequate relief.

Recent Findings: This systematic review focuses on both residual pain levels and ability to perform daily tasks after treatment with SCS.

Overview and Comparison of Interscalene Block Techniques for Brachial Plexus Pain Management.

Purpose Of Review: Peripheral nerve blocks are performed using local anesthetics that are commonly performed prior to surgery to either be the sole anesthetic and/or for postoperative pain management. Interscalene blocks are a specific type of nerve block that targets the superior and middle trunks of the brachial plexus inhibiting transmission of pain signals from the upper extremities to the central nervous system making them useful in mitigating pain following surgeries involving the shoulder, upper arm, and elbow.

Recent Findings: Previously, interscalene blocks were performed with a nerve stimulator, which is an instrument designed to generate a twitch in surrounding muscles to verify the anesthetic block was placed in the correct location.

Sex Disparities Affecting Postoperative Outcomes After Total Elbow Arthroplasty.

Purpose: To investigate sex disparities in 30-day postoperative outcomes of total elbow arthroplasty.

Methods: The American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program files were queried for all patients who underwent a total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) between 2006 and 2020. Sex disparities in preoperative variables were studied using Fisher exact tests.

The Role of Vitamin D Deficiency in Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Outcomes, and Therapeutic Potential.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric condition frequently associated with cirrhosis and portosystemic shunting (PSS). It imposes a significant clinical and economic burden, with increasing attention toward identifying modifiable factors that could improve outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency (VDD), prevalent in patients with cirrhosis, may contribute to the development and severity of HE.

Viral microRNA regulation of Akt is necessary for reactivation of Human Cytomegalovirus from latency in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and humanized mice.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) actively manipulates cellular signaling pathways to benefit viral replication. Phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling is an important negative regulator of HCMV replication, and during lytic infection the virus utilizes pUL38 to limit Akt phosphorylation and activity. During latency, PI3K/Akt signaling also limits virus replication, but how this is overcome at the time of reactivation is unknown.

Diagnostic yield and therapeutic implications of vascular imaging in acute ischemic stroke: prospective and consecutive study of small vessel versus large vessel ischemia.

Introduction: To evaluate patients acute cerebral ischemia in order to assess for factors which may help to differentiate patients with small vessel involvement from those with large vessel involvement in an effort to determine diagnostic yield of vascular imaging.

Material And Method: We prospectively and consecutively evaluated all acute ischemic stroke patients at our medical center from May 16, 2021 to December 10, 2021. Distinction between small vessel and large vessel involvement was based upon clinical presentation, the results of brain imaging and either computed tomographic angiography, in the vast majority, or magnetic resonance angiography.

Kratom: A Narrative Review of the Possible Clinical Uses and Dangers of This Opioid-Like Plant.

The term "kratom" refers to a plant species formally known as  Kratom is composed of over 40 alkaloids, a type of organic compound that contains nitrogen. These compounds work primarily via binding to opioid receptors expressed on neurons, where they stimulate signal transduction mechanisms involving the activation of G proteins. Kratom has been shown to cause both a stimulant-like effect and a sedative effect in humans.

Viral susceptibility and innate immune competency of bat cells produced for virological studies.

Multiple viruses that are highly pathogenic in humans are known to have evolved in bats. How bats tolerate infection with these viruses, however, is poorly understood. As viruses engage in a wide range of interactions with their hosts, it is essential to study bat viruses in a system that resembles their natural environment like bat-derived cellular models.

The Impact of Anesthesia on Dermatological Outcomes: A Narrative Review.

Anesthesia is an essential component of dermatologic procedures, influencing pain management and patient outcomes, including wound healing, infection control, and cosmetic appearance. This review examines the impact of various anesthetic techniques, topical, local, regional, and general, on dermatological outcomes. The findings reveal that while local anesthesia is preferred due to its efficacy and safety, specialized considerations are necessary for pediatric, geriatric, and high-risk patients.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with adult-onset Still's disease: report of a rare entity.

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare, systemic inflammatory disorder characterised by daily fever, arthritis, a salmon-pink rash and leucocytosis. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is included in the class of thrombotic microangiopathies and manifests clinically as microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia and ischaemic tissue injury secondary to microthrombi. TTP is caused by either an autoimmune, congenital or idiopathic deficiency of ADAMTS13 and carries a high mortality rate.

Amid magic and menace: psychiatrists' attitudes to psilocybin therapy.

Objectives: Understanding variations in knowledge and attitudes of psychiatrists to psilocybin therapy is important for the collective discourse about the potential impact on clinical practice and public health in Ireland.

Methods: A 28-item questionnaire was designed based on previous studies and distributed to psychiatrists in Ireland via online mailing lists and at in-person academic events.

Results: 151 psychiatrists completed the questionnaire (73.

Virtual Reality for Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of Current Evidence.

Purpose Of Review: With the ongoing opioid crisis, there is a continued need to develop multimodal pain management strategies inclusive of non-pharmacological treatments. Virtual reality (VR) offers a non-invasive treatment approach for the management of acute and chronic pain including postoperative pain. The aim of this review is to describe the use of VR and its effect on pain-related outcome measures compared to routine care in various types of surgical procedures.