Beyond Body Mass Index: Accurate Metabolic Disease-Risk Phenotyping With 3D Smartphone Application.

Objective: Smartphone applications (apps) with optical imaging capabilities are transforming the field of physical anthropometry; digital measurements of body size and shape in clinical settings are increasingly feasible. Currently available apps are usually designed around the capture of two-dimensional images that are then transformed with app software to three-dimensional (3D) avatars that can be used for digital anthropometry. The aim of the current study was to compare waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), four other circumferences (right/left upper arm, thigh) and WC/HC evaluated with a novel high-precision 3D smartphone app to ground-truth measurements made with a flexible tape by a trained anthropometrist.

Metabolic scaling, energy allocation tradeoffs, and the evolution of humans' unique metabolism.

All organisms use limited energy to grow, survive, and reproduce, necessitating energy allocation tradeoffs, but there is debate over how selection impacted metabolic budgets and tradeoffs in primates, including humans. Here, we develop a method to compare metabolic rates as quotients of observed relative to expected values for mammals corrected for size, body composition, environmental temperature, and phylogenetic relatedness. Contrary to previous analyses, these quotients reveal that nonhuman primates have total metabolic rates expected for similar-sized mammals in similar environments.

Comparison of Food Selection with the National School Lunch Program Meal Pattern Guidelines and Assessment of Children's Food Intake and Waste Using Digital Photography in a School Cafeteria.

School lunch is an important nutritious food source for children. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) meal patterns guidelines have been established to promote healthier school lunches. This pilot study compared food selection during lunch in a school cafeteria with the NSLP meal pattern guidelines.

Are Lean Body Mass and Fat-Free Mass the Same or Different Body Components? A Critical Perspective.

The 2-component molecular-level model dividing body mass into fat and fat-free mass (FFM) is a cornerstone of contemporary body composition research across multiple disciplines. Confusion prevails, however, as the term lean body mass (LBM) is frequently used interchangeably with FFM in scientific discourse. Are LBM and FFM the same or different body components? Captain Albert R.

Smartphone three-dimensional imaging for body composition assessment using non-rigid avatar reconstruction.

Background: Modern digital anthropometry applications utilize smartphone cameras to rapidly construct three-dimensional humanoid avatars, quantify relevant anthropometric variables, and estimate body composition.

Methods: In the present study, 131 participants ([73 M, 58 F] age 33.7 ± 16.

The Role of Whole Food Plant-Based Food Intake on Postprandial Glycemia in Type 1 Diabetes.

Background: Whole food plant-based diet (WFPBD), minimally processed foods with limited consumption of animal products, is associated with improved health outcomes. The benefits of WFPBD are underexplored in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The primary objective of this analysis is to evaluate the association between WFPBD on glycemia in individuals with T1D.

Modeling health risks using neural network ensembles.

This study aims to demonstrate that demographics combined with biometrics can be used to predict obesity related chronic disease risk and produce a health risk score that outperforms body mass index (BMI)-the most commonly used biomarker for obesity. We propose training an ensemble of small neural networks to fuse demographics and biometrics inputs. The categorical outputs of the networks are then turned into a multi-dimensional risk map, which associates diverse inputs with stratified, output health risk.

Fundamental Body Composition Principles Provide Context for Fat-Free and Skeletal Muscle Loss With GLP-1 RA Treatments.

During weight loss, reductions in body mass are commonly described using molecular body components (eg, fat mass and fat-free mass [FFM]) or tissues and organs (eg, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle). While often conflated, distinctions between body components established by different levels of the 5-level model of body composition-which partitions body mass according to the atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue/organ, or whole-body level-are essential to recall when interpreting the composition of weight loss. A contemporary area of clinical and research interest that demonstrates the importance of these concepts is the discussion surrounding body composition changes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), particularly in regard to changes in FFM and skeletal muscle mass.

Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin-mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity.

The rapid and widespread clinical adoption of highly effective incretin-mimetic drugs (IMDs), particularly semaglutide and tirzepatide, for the treatment of obesity has outpaced the updating of clinical practice guidelines. Consequently, many patients may be at risk for adverse effects and uncertain long-term outcomes related to the use of these drugs. Of emerging concern is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function that can accompany rapid substantial weight reduction; such losses can lead to reduced functional and metabolic health, weight cycling, compromised quality of life, and other adverse outcomes.

Community-based, inclusive design of a 3D tactile map to enable playground navigation for children who are visually impaired and blind.

The LSU Community Playground Project (LSUCPP) collaborates with communities (especially the true experts at play, the children) to design and build playgrounds that reflect "the soul of the community." One member of the LSUCPP undertook a research project in an effort to design better playgrounds for use by children who are visually impaired or blind. A recommendation from this research was to provide a 3D-printed tactile map of each play area, such that children who were visually impaired or blind could feel the location and type of equipment and ground surfaces prior to entering a playground, which would enable them to play independently.

Subjective and objective sleep quality assessment in adolescent patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Objectives: There is a link between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and poor sleep quality that is presumed to be multifactorial. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that impact sleep quality in this group including clinical disease activity, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and disordered social media use through questionnaires.

Methods: This prospective study analyzed sleep quality in adolescent patients ages 13 to 18 with a diagnosis of IBD using objective data from wrist actigraphy and subjective report from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

Accurate prediction of three-dimensional humanoid avatars for anthropometric modeling.

Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that anthropometric dimensions derived from a person's manifold-regression predicted three-dimensional (3D) humanoid avatar are accurate when compared to their actual circumference, volume, and surface area measurements acquired with a ground-truth 3D optical imaging method. Avatars predicted using this approach, if accurate with respect to anthropometric dimensions, can serve multiple purposes including patient body composition analysis and metabolic disease risk stratification in clinical settings.

Methods: Manifold regression 3D avatar prediction equations were developed on a sample of 570 adults who completed 3D optical scans, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) evaluations.

Toward Concurrent Identification of Human Activities with a Single Unifying Neural Network Classification: First Step.

The characterization of human behavior in real-world contexts is critical for developing a comprehensive model of human health. Recent technological advancements have enabled wearables and sensors to passively and unobtrusively record and presumably quantify human behavior. Better understanding human activities in unobtrusive and passive ways is an indispensable tool in understanding the relationship between behavioral determinants of health and diseases.

Effects of Different Cow-Milk Beta-Caseins on the Gut-Brain Axis: A Narrative Review of Preclinical, Animal, and Human Studies.

The gut and brain communicate through bidirectional neural, endocrine, and immune signals to coordinate central nervous system activity with gastrointestinal function. Dysregulated inflammation can promote immune cell activation and increase entero-endocrine signaling and intestinal permeability; hence, a functional gut-brain axis is necessary for a healthy digestive system. The consumption of milk products can lead to gut discomfort via effects on gastrointestinal tract function and the inflammatory state, which, in turn, affect the brain.

Validity of the PortionSize application compared with that of MyFitnessPal for accurately estimating intake: a randomized crossover laboratory-based evaluation.

Background: PortionSize offers real-time feedback on dietary intake, including intake of MyPlate food groups but requires further evaluation on a larger sample in a laboratory-based setting. MyFitnessPal (MFP) is a commonly used commercial dietary assessment application, and to our knowledge, no known studies have evaluated MFP in a laboratory setting.

Objectives: The overall objective was to test the validity of PortionSize and MFP to accurately measure intake compared with that of weighed food (WB) and to compare error between applications.

Restoring adiponectin via rosiglitazone ameliorates tissue wasting in mice with lung cancer.

Aim: To investigate systemic regulators of the cancer-associated cachexia syndrome (CACS) in a pre-clinical model for lung cancer with the goal to identify therapeutic targets for tissue wasting.

Methods: Using the Kras/Lkb1 (KL) mouse model, we found that CACS is associated with white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction that directly affects skeletal muscle homeostasis. WAT transcriptomes showed evidence of reduced adipogenesis, and, in agreement, we found low levels of circulating adiponectin.

Advances in body composition: a 100-year journey.

Knowledge of human body composition at the dawn of the twentieth century was based largely on cadaver studies and chemical analyses of isolated organs and tissues. Matters soon changed by the nineteen twenties when the Czech anthropologist Jindřich Matiegka introduced an influential new anthropometric method of fractionating body mass into subcutaneous adipose tissue and other major body components. Today, one century later, investigators can not only quantify every major body component in vivo at the atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue-organ, and whole-body organizational levels, but go far beyond to organ and tissue-specific composition and metabolite estimates.

Computed Tomography and Dual-Energy X-Ray Asorptiometry body composition parameter harmonisation to universalise adipose tissue measurements in a population-based cross-sectional study.

To harmonise computed tomography (CT) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition measurements allowing easy conversion in longitudinal assessments and across cohorts to assess cardiometabolic risk and disease. Retrospective cross-sectional observational study from 1996 to 2008 included participants in the Pennington Center Longitudinal Study (PCLS) (N = 1967; 571 African American/1396 White). Anthropometrics, whole-body DXA and abdominal CT images were obtained.

DAF-16/FOXO and HLH-30/TFEB comprise a cooperative regulatory axis controlling tubular lysosome induction in C. elegans.

Although life expectancy has increased, longer lifespans do not always align with prolonged healthspans and, as a result, the occurrence of age-related degenerative diseases continues to increase. Thus, biomedical research has been shifting focus to strategies that enhance both lifespan and healthspan concurrently. Two major transcription factors that have been heavily studied in the context of aging and longevity are DAF-16/FOXO and HLH-30/TFEB; however, how these two factors coordinate to promote longevity is still not fully understood.

Prevalence and predictors of female sexual dysfunction among sexually active women in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study.

Objective: To determine the burden and identify correlates of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) among women with prediabetes (PreD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) enrolled in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Outcomes Study (DPPOS).

Methods: The DPPOS visit included the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) to determine sexual function. Of 1464 participants, 1320 (90%) completed the (FSFI) and 426 were sexually active.

Skeletal muscle estimation: A review of techniques and their applications.

Quantifying skeletal muscle size is necessary to identify those at risk for conditions that increase frailty, morbidity, and mortality, as well as decrease quality of life. Although muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical performance have been suggested as important assessments in the screening, prevention, and management of sarcopenic and cachexic individuals, skeletal muscle size is still a critical objective marker. Several techniques exist for estimating skeletal muscle size; however, each technique presents with unique characteristics regarding simplicity/complexity, cost, radiation dose, accessibility, and portability that are important factors for assessors to consider before applying these modalities in practice.

Longitudinal Profiling of Fasting Plasma Metabolome in Response to Weight-Loss Interventions in Patients with Morbid Obesity.

It is well recognized that patients with severe obesity exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in response to different types of weight-loss interventions. Those who undergo Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) usually exhibit more favorable glycemic outcomes than those who receive adjustable gastric banding (BAND) or intensive medical intervention (IMI). The molecular mechanisms behind these observations, however, remain largely unknown.