The Neurologist's Role in Promoting Brain Health: Emerging Issues in Neurology.

Neurologic conditions are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality within the United States and worldwide. Brain health is a global concern, and the American Academy of Neurology's Brain Health Initiative promises to drive progress in this field over the next decades. Neurologists with detailed training and insight into brain function are uniquely positioned to apply emerging preventive health data to promote healthy brain development and maintain optimal brain function throughout the lifespan.

Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease: A New Algorithm and Other Updated Recommendations: Clinical Report.

Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screening was added to the US Recommended Uniform Screening Panel in 2011 and adopted by all US states and territories by 2018. In addition to reviewing key developments in CCHD screening since the initial American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) endorsement in 2011, this clinical report provides 3 updated recommendations. First, a new AAP algorithm has been endorsed for use in CCHD screening.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine in America and Overseas: A Narrative Review.

This narrative review examines the role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts, with particular emphasis on the differences in vaccination policies between countries, such as the US, where routine BCG administration is not practiced. A significant complication of the BCG vaccine is false positive results in the tuberculin skin test (TST), often leading to misdiagnoses and unnecessary treatments. To address these issues, interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) have emerged as a more specific diagnostic tool that reduces false positives associated with prior BCG vaccination.

Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Post Shunted Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

Background: Shunted hydrocephalus patients are at an inherent risk of developing chronic subdural hematomas (cSDHs) from overdrainage. The preliminary results of three much-anticipated clinical trials (STEM, EMBOLISE, MAGIC-MT) have recently been presented, showing efficacy of middle meningeal artery embolization (MMA-E) in reducing observational failure and the need for reoperation in non-shunted patients, but the effect of this procedure in shunted patients remains to be further investigated. In this series, we present our institution's experience with MMA-E in shunted normal pressure hydrocephalus patients in comparison to standard of care (=SOC).

Living in a food desert in Louisiana and its effects on gynecologic cancer outcomes.

Objective: Food insecurity is becoming recognized as an important measure of public health. Louisiana has a poorer health index and a higher food insecurity rate than the national average. This study aims to investigate how living in a food desert affects the stage at diagnosis and 5-year overall survival in patients with gynecologic cancers.

Prophylactic gastrostomy tube during chemoradiation for head and neck cancer decreases weight loss but increases rate of tube use beyond six months.

Importance: The role of prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients treated with chemoradiation remains controversial and varies by center.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of prophylactic PEG tube placement in patients undergoing chemoradiation for HNC PEG tube use for more than 6 months and weight loss.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This single-institution retrospective study included 502 patients with head and neck cancer.

Context-Dependent Estrogenic Actions of (+)-Pisatin Produced in Elicited Green or Snow Pea ().

Legumes are a predominant source of isoflavones, termed phytoestrogens, that mimic 17β-estradiol (E2). Phytoalexins are inducible isoflavones produced in plants subjected to environmental stressors (e.g.

Multiple factors regulate the expression of in .

Introduction: The gene cluster, encoding the sole iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly system in , was recently shown to be up-regulated in response to oxidative stressors and Fe limitation.

Methods: In this study, luciferase reporter fusion assays, electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSA) and transcription assays (IVT) were used to dissect the and acting factors that regulate the expression of .

Results And Discussion: Results showed deletion of , for the only Fur-family transcriptional regulator in , resulted in >5-fold increases in luciferase activity under the control of the promoter (P<0.

Osteoporotic Fragility Fracture Is Associated With an Increased Rate of New Mental Disorder Diagnosis.

Introduction: Fragility fractures can be substantially life-altering with notable effects on patient well-being and mental health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of developing a new mental disorder diagnosis within 2 years following osteoporotic fragility fracture.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a large national insurance claims database.

Strengths-Based Assessment and Inclusive Language for Patients With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

Pediatric dermatology patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and comorbid cutaneous conditions often face barriers to effective healthcare due to differences in communication preferences and sensitivities to environmental factors. The clinical intake process serves as a potential intervention point to help better understand and meet patients' needs. Strengths-based assessment and considerations around identity-first versus person-first language are tools that can improve the clinical intake process in pediatric dermatology.

Takeout or delivery? Reoperation rates in lower extremity long bone osteomyelitis treated with debridement and local antibiotic delivery systems.

Background: Early diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis is essential to prevent potential complications including sepsis, extensive bone resection, amputation, and death. Despite current treatment strategies for management of osteomyelitis, recurrence rates reported in the literature are upwards of 25 %. Current evidence comparing the efficacy of differing surgical treatments of osteomyelitis is inconclusive.

Unraveling the link between language barriers and cancer risk.

Purpose: Clear patient communication with the physician is an integral aspect of cancer treatment and successful health outcomes. Previous research has shown improved cancer screening in cases of patient navigator assistance to limited English proficient patients, but no research has analyzed the relationship between language isolation and cancer incidence rates in the United States.

Methods: Using state-level data from the United States Census Bureau and the National Cancer Institute, we analyzed the correlations between language isolation and age-adjusted incidence rates across 19 different invasive cancers.

Assessing Attitudes and Perceptions of Unconscious Bias Experienced by Surgical Oncology Fellows.

Background: Racial and ethnic minorities remain underrepresented in the surgical workforce with well-documented barriers to diversity and inclusion, including financial support, lack of mentorship, and high attrition rates. Recent literature has documented race and sex discrimination in the training of surgical residents but little is known about the experience of discrimination at the surgical fellowship level. The goal of our study was to assess attitudes and perceptions of unconscious bias experienced during surgical oncology fellowship training at our institution.

Intrathecal Fentanyl Pump Placement in a Patient With Chronic Pain Caused by Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: A Case Report.

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a genetic disorder defined by the formation of benign bone tumors known as exostoses, which can lead to chronic pain and functional impairment. This case report details a 57-year-old man with a long-standing history of severe diffuse bone pain attributed to HME. Despite various treatments, his pain remained poorly controlled until an intrathecal pump with fentanyl was implanted.

Association of Unmet Social Needs With Disease-Related Outcomes in Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease.

Background: Social determinants of health (SDoH) are socioeconomic factors that influence health and well-being, though when unmet can greatly contribute to health disparities. Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk of mortality, disability, and healthcare utilization. However, there are limited data linking specific social needs with disease outcomes in this population.

Modeling nasal septal flap repair of an anterior skull base defect: A pilot simulation study.

Simulation models have utility in rehearsal of endoscopic skull base repair with a nasoseptal flap. Trainee confidence, technical skill, and repair quality saw significant improvement in this study.

pH-Responsive Peptide Nanoparticles Deliver Macromolecules to Cells via Endosomal Membrane Nanoporation.

The synthetically evolved pHD family of peptides is known to self-assemble into macromolecule-sized nanopores of 2-10 nm diameter in synthetic lipid bilayers, but only when the pH is below ∼6. Here, we show that a representative family member, pHD108, has the same pH-responsive nanopore-forming activity in the endosomal membranes of living human cells, which is triggered by endosomal acidification. This enables the cytosolic delivery of endocytosed proteins and other macromolecules.

Factors associated with PrEP awareness and use among men who have sex with men who use drugs in the Southern United States.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) dramatically reduces HIV transmission risk. PrEP is underutilized among men who have sex with men who use substances (SU-MSM) in the Southern U.S.

Implementing Precision Medicine for Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Insights from The DCM Consortium.

Background: Clinical genetic evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is implemented variably or not at all. Identifying needs and barriers to genetic evaluations will enable strategies to enhance precision medicine care.

Methods: An online survey was conducted in June 2024 among cardiologist investigators of the DCM Consortium from US advanced heart failure/transplant (HF/TX) programs to collect demographics, training, program characteristics, genetic evaluation practices for DCM, and implementation needs.

Digital divide: Differences between digital access, preference, and use among parents of pediatric research participants.

Objective: Healthcare delivery and research are moving increasingly towards digital engagement, which could inequitably exclude some populations due to differential technology access and uptake. We sought to evaluate study-related digital access, preferences, and use among parents of patients with Medicaid insurance enrolled in research in a pediatric emergency department (ED).

Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis within a randomized trial at an academic pediatric ED.