Nature and prevalence of long-term conditions in people with intellectual disability: retrospective longitudinal population-based study.

Objective: Explore the nature and prevalence of long-term conditions in individuals with intellectual disability.

Design: Retrospective longitudinal population-based study.

Setting: Primary and secondary care data across the population of Wales with the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank.

Metal-organic frameworks of -hydroxybenzoic acid: synthesis, structure and ring opening polymerization capability.

Two new, isostructural, metal-organic frameworks {[Co(OCCHO)(DMF)]} and {[Mn(OCCHO)(DMF)]} have been synthesised and structurally characterized. Use of -hydroxybenzoic acid resulted in a three-dimensional MOF featuring a linker with a carboxylic group and a -hydroxyl group. Ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone has been performed using these MOFs as catalysts, and results compared with the known zinc MOF Zn(OCCHO).

Proton transfer induced excited-state aromaticity gain for chromophores with maximal Stokes shifts.

Excited state aromaticity (ESA) offers a fascinating route for driving photophysical and photochemical processes but is challenging to harness fully due to its inherent association with unstable antiaromatic ground states. Here, we propose to circumvent this problem the introduction of a new class of photophysical processes, the generation of ESA an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer. We select twelve candidate molecules based on the cyclobutadiene and pentalene scaffolds and investigate their ground and excited state properties using computation.

Context specific effects of substrate composition on the taxonomic and functional diversity of macroinvertebrate communities in temperate lowland streams.

Substrate composition has been widely recognised as a primary variable shaping lotic macroinvertebrate communities at the habitat unit level. However, fundamental understanding of how communities inhabiting mineralogical habitats (i.e.

Cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles: Considerations for reporting cell culturing parameters.

Cell culture-conditioned medium (CCM) is a valuable source of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for basic scientific, therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Cell culturing parameters affect the biochemical composition, release and possibly the function of CCM-derived EVs (CCM-EV). The CCM-EV task force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles aims to identify relevant cell culturing parameters, describe their effects based on current knowledge, recommend reporting parameters and identify outstanding questions.

Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2022: An annual review.

The development of ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has transformed analytical science, providing the means of performing rapid analysis of samples in their native state, both in and out of the laboratory. The capacity to eliminate sample preparation and pre-MS separation techniques, leading to true real-time analysis, has led to AIMS naturally gaining a broad interest across the scientific community. Since the introduction of the first AIMS techniques in the mid-2000s, the field has exploded with dozens of novel ion sources, an array of intriguing applications, and an evident growing interest across diverse areas of study.

Substitution of lead with tin suppresses ionic transport in halide perovskite optoelectronics.

Despite the rapid rise in the performance of a variety of perovskite optoelectronic devices with vertical charge transport, the effects of ion migration remain a common and longstanding Achilles' heel limiting the long-term operational stability of lead halide perovskite devices. However, there is still limited understanding of the impact of tin (Sn) substitution on the ion dynamics of lead (Pb) halide perovskites. Here, we employ scan-rate-dependent current-voltage measurements on Pb and mixed Pb-Sn perovskite solar cells to show that short circuit current losses at lower scan rates, which can be traced to the presence of mobile ions, are present in both kinds of perovskites.

Seasonal variability of lotic macroinvertebrate communities at the habitat scale demonstrates the value of discriminating fine sediment fractions in ecological assessments.

Despite lotic systems demonstrating high levels of seasonal and spatial variability, most research and biomonitoring practices do not consider seasonality when interpreting results and are typically focused at the meso-scale (combined pool/riffle samples) rather than considering habitat patch dynamics. We therefore sought to determine if the sampling season (spring, summer and autumn) influenced observed macroinvertebrate biodiversity, structure and function at the habitat unit scale (determined by substrate composition), and if this in turn influenced the assessment of fine sediment (sand and silt) pressures. We found that biodiversity supported at the habitat level was not seasonally consistent with the contribution of nestedness and turnover in structuring communities varying seasonally.

Functionalisation of conjugated macrocycles with type I and II concealed antiaromaticity cross-coupling reactions.

Conjugated macrocycles can exhibit concealed antiaromaticity; that is, despite not being antiaromatic, under specific circumstances, they can display properties typically observed in antiaromatic molecules due to their formal macrocyclic 4 π-electron system. Paracyclophanetetraene (PCT) and its derivatives are prime examples of macrocycles exhibiting this behaviour. In redox reactions and upon photoexcitation, they have been shown to behave like antiaromatic molecules (requiring type I and II concealed antiaromaticity, respectively), with such phenomena showing potential for use in battery electrode materials and other electronic applications.

Defining the influence of size-exclusion chromatography fraction window and ultrafiltration column choice on extracellular vesicle recovery in a skeletal muscle model.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have the potential to provide new insights into skeletal muscle (SM) physiology and pathophysiology. However, current isolation protocols often do not eliminate co-isolated components such as lipoproteins and RNA binding proteins that could confound outcomes and hinder downstream clinical translation. In this study, we validated an EV isolation protocol that combined size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with ultrafiltration (UF) to increase sample throughput, scalability and purity, while providing the very first analysis of the effects of UF column choice and fraction window on EV recovery.

Classification of doubly excited molecular electronic states.

Electronic states with partial or complete doubly excited character play a crucial role in many areas, such as singlet fission and non-linear optical spectroscopy. Although doubly excited states have been studied in polyenes and related systems for many years, the assignment as singly doubly excited, even in the simplest case of butadiene, has sparked controversies. So far, no well-defined framework for classifying doubly excited states has been developed, and even more, there is not even a well-accepted definition of doubly excited character as such.

Mass Sportrometry: An annual look back at applications of mass spectrometry in sport and exercise science.

Research in sport and exercise science (SES) is reliant on robust analyses of biomarker measurements to assist with the interpretation of physiological outcomes. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical approach capable of highly sensitive, specific, precise, and accurate analyses of a range of biomolecules, many of which are of interest in SES including, but not limited to, endogenous metabolites, exogenously administered compounds (e.g.

Prey capture by the non-native carnivorous pitcher plant across sites in Britain and Ireland.

The carnivorous pitcher plant is native to North America, but has been introduced into Europe, where it is now widespread. Understanding of how this species functions in its non-native range is limited. We measured pitcher morphology and prey capture by in its non-native range in Britain and Ireland.

Squarephaneic Tetraanhydride: A Conjugated Square-Shaped Cyclophane for the Synthesis of Porous Organic Materials.

Aromatic carboxylic anhydrides are ubiquitous building blocks in organic materials chemistry and have received considerable attention in the synthesis of organic semiconductors, pigments, and battery electrode materials. Here we extend the family of aromatic carboxylic anhydrides with a unique new member, a conjugated cyclophane with four anhydride groups. The cyclophane is obtained in a three-step synthesis and can be functionalised efficiently, as shown by the conversion into tetraimides and an octacarboxylate.

Grazing and topography control nutrient pools in low Arctic soils of Southwest Greenland.

Unlabelled: Soil nutrient pools in the dry low Arctic are likely to be released under climatic change and this bioavailability has the potential to increase both terrestrial and aquatic productions. As well as the direct effect of warming, external disturbances such as nutrient deposition and grazing can also drive ecosystem change. This study in the low Arctic Kangerlussuaq area of southwest Greenland compared soil nutrient pools in terms of both topographic position on a catena and by soil depth in two small catchments with contrasting muskox abundance.

Dynamical-statistical seasonal forecasts of winter and summer precipitation for the Island of Ireland.

Seasonal precipitation forecasting is highly challenging for the northwest fringes of Europe due to complex dynamical drivers. Hybrid dynamical-statistical approaches offer potential to improve forecast skill. Here, hindcasts of mean sea level pressure (MSLP) from two dynamical systems (GloSea5 and SEAS5) are used to derive two distinct sets of indices for forecasting winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) precipitation over lead-times of 1-4 months.

Continued fraction expansions of Herglotz-Nevanlinna functions and generalized indefinite strings of Stieltjes type.

We employ some results about continued fraction expansions of Herglotz-Nevanlinna functions to characterize the spectral data of generalized indefinite strings of Stieltjes type. In particular, this solves the corresponding inverse spectral problem through explicit formulas.

Heterometallic cobalt(ii) calix[6 and 8]arenes: synthesis, structure and electrochemical activity.

Heterometallic cobalt -butylcalix[6 and 8]arenes have been generated from the reaction of lithium reagents (-BuLi or -BuOLi) or NaH with the parent calix[]arene and subsequent reaction with CoBr. The reverse route, involving the addition of generated Li[Co(O-Bu)] to -butylcalix[6 and 8]arene, has also been investigated. X-ray crystallography reveals the formation of complicated products incorporating differing numbers of cobalt and lithium or sodium centers, often with positional disorder, as well as, in some cases, the retention of halide.

Lithium calix[4]arenes: structural studies and use in the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters.

We have structurally characterized a number of lithiated calix[4]arenes, where the bridge in the calix[4]arene is thia (-S-, LH), sulfinyl (-SO-, LH), sulfonyl (-SO-, LH), dimethyleneoxa (-CHOCH-, LH) or methylene (-CH-, LH). In the case of LH, interaction with LiOBu led to the isolation of the complex [Li(L)(THF)]·5THF (1·5THF), whilst similar interaction of LH led to the isolation of [Li(LH)(THF)]·5(THF) (2·5THF). Interestingly, the mixed sulfinyl/sulfonyl complexes [Li(calix[4]arene(SO)(SO)(SO))(THF)]·8(THF) (3·8THF) and [LiNa(LH)(THF)]·7.

Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2021: An annual review.

Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has revolutionized the field of analytical chemistry, enabling the rapid, direct analysis of samples in their native state. Since the inception of AIMS almost 20 years ago, the analytical community has driven the further development of this suite of techniques, motivated by the plentiful advantages offered in addition to traditional mass spectrometry. Workflows can be simplified through the elimination of sample preparation, analysis times can be significantly reduced and analysis remote from the traditional laboratory space has become a real possibility.

Accuracy of Smartphone Video for Contactless Measurement of Hand Tremor Frequency.

Background: Computer vision can measure movement from video without the time and access limitations of hospital accelerometry/electromyography or the requirement to hold or strap a smartphone accelerometer.

Objective: To compare computer vision measurement of hand tremor frequency from smartphone video with a gold standard measure accelerometer.

Methods: A total of 37 smartphone videos of hands, at rest and in posture, were recorded from 15 participants with tremor diagnoses (9 Parkinson's disease, 5 essential tremor, 1 functional tremor).

Oxygen harvesting from carbon dioxide: simultaneous epoxidation and CO formation.

Due to increasing concentrations in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide has, in recent times, been targeted for utilisation (Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage, CCUS). In particular, the production of CO from CO has been an area of intense interest, particularly since the CO can be utilized in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Herein we report that CO can also be used as a source of atomic oxygen that is efficiently harvested and used as a waste-free terminal oxidant for the oxidation of alkenes to epoxides.

Geographical Network Analysis.

As the volume of digital data is growing exponentially and computational methods are advancing rapidly, network analysis is an increasingly important analytical tool to understand social life. This paper revisits the rich history of network analysis in geography and uses insights from that history to review contemporary computational social science. Based on that analysis, we synthesize the distinctive qualities of what we term geographical network analysis.

Functional group introduction and aromatic unit variation in a set of π-conjugated macrocycles: revealing the central role of local and global aromaticity.

π-Conjugated macrocycles are molecules with unique properties that are increasingly exploited for applications and the question of whether they can sustain global aromatic or antiaromatic ring currents is particularly intriguing. However, there are only a small number of experimental studies that investigate how the properties of π-conjugated macrocycles evolve with systematic structural changes. Here, we present such a systematic experimental study of a set of [2.