Ventilation and features of the lung environment dynamically alter modeled intrapulmonary aerosol exposure from inhaled electronic cigarettes.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) fundamentally differ from tobacco cigarettes in their generation of liquid-based aerosols. Investigating how e-cig aerosols behave when inhaled into the dynamic environment of the lung is important for understanding vaping-related exposure and toxicity. A ventilated artificial lung model was developed to replicate the ventilatory and environmental features of the human lung and study their impact on the characteristics of inhaled e-cig aerosols from simulated vaping scenarios.

A two-level resolution neural network with enhanced interpretability for freeway traffic forecasting.

Deep learning models are widely used for traffic forecasting on freeways due to their ability to learn complex temporal and spatial relationships. In particular, graph neural networks, which integrate graph theory into deep learning, have become popular for modeling traffic sensor networks. However, traditional graph convolutional networks (GCNs) face limitations in capturing long-range spatial correlations, which can hinder accurate long-term predictions.

Operation Polypharmacy: a pharmacist-led ambulatory care clinic design and evaluation for older patients.

The unintended consequences of polypharmacy pose significant risks to older adults. The complexities of managing numerous medications from multiple prescribers demand a comprehensive approach to mitigate harms. Pharmacist-led clinics have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with diabetes and hypertension.

Biophysical effects of croplands on land surface temperature.

Converting natural vegetation to croplands alters the local land surface energy budget. Here, we use two decades of satellite data and a physics-based framework to analyse the biophysical mechanisms by which croplands influence daily mean land surface temperature (LST). Globally, 60% of croplands exhibit an annual warming effect, while 40% have a cooling effect compared to their surrounding natural ecosystems.

Characterizing mutation-treatment effects using clinico-genomics data of 78,287 patients with 20 types of cancers.

Evaluating the effectiveness of cancer treatments in relation to specific tumor mutations is essential for improving patient outcomes and advancing the field of precision medicine. Here we represent a comprehensive analysis of 78,287 U.S.

Alcohol-induced gut microbial reorganization and associated overproduction of phenylacetylglutamine promotes cardiovascular disease.

The mechanism(s) underlying gut microbial metabolite (GMM) contribution towards alcohol-mediated cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unknown. Herein we observe elevation in circulating phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln), a known CVD-associated GMM, in individuals living with alcohol use disorder. In a male murine binge-on-chronic alcohol model, we confirm gut microbial reorganization, elevation in PAGln levels, and the presence of cardiovascular pathophysiology.

Molecular characterization of the sea lamprey retina illuminates the evolutionary origin of retinal cell types.

The lamprey, a primitive jawless vertebrate whose ancestors diverged from all other vertebrates over 500 million years ago, offers a unique window into the ancient formation of the retina. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we characterize retinal cell types in the lamprey and compare them to those in mouse, chicken, and zebrafish. We find six cell classes and 74 distinct cell types, many shared with other vertebrate species.

Reconfiguration of brain network dynamics in bipolar disorder: a hidden Markov model approach.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by severe disturbance and fluctuation in mood. Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) has the potential to more accurately capture the evolving processes of emotion and cognition in BD. Nevertheless, prior investigations of dFC typically centered on larger time scales, limiting the sensitivity to transient changes.

Neoadjuvant anti-PD1 immunotherapy for surgically accessible recurrent glioblastoma: clinical and molecular outcomes of a stage 2 single-arm expansion cohort.

Glioblastoma is immunologically "cold" and resistant to single-agent immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Our previous study of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in surgically-accessible recurrent glioblastoma identified a molecular signature of response to ICI and suggested that neoadjuvant pembrolizumab may improve survival. To increase the power of this observation, we enrolled an additional 25 patients with a primary endpoint of evaluating the cell cycle gene signature associated with neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and performed bulk-RNA seq on resected tumor tissue (NCT02852655).

A truncated isoform of Connexin43 caps actin to organize forward delivery of full-length Connexin43.

While membrane proteins such as ion channels continuously turn over and require replacement, the mechanisms of specificity of efficient channel delivery to appropriate membrane subdomains remain poorly understood. GJA1-20k is a truncated Connexin43 (Cx43) isoform arising from translation initiating at an internal start codon within the same parent GJA1 mRNA and is requisite for full-length Cx43 trafficking to cell borders. GJA1-20k does not have a full transmembrane domain, and it is not known how GJA1-20k enables forward delivery of Cx43 hemichannels.

Guidelines for the standardization of pre-analytical variables for salivary biomarker studies in Alzheimer's disease research: An updated review and consensus of the Salivary Biomarkers for Dementia Research Working Group.

There is a pressing need for accessible biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis to facilitate widespread screening, particularly in underserved groups. Saliva is an emerging specimen for measuring AD biomarkers, with distinct contexts of use that could complement blood and cerebrospinal fluid and detect various analytes. An interdisciplinary, international group of AD and related dementias (ADRD) researchers convened and performed a narrative review of published studies on salivary AD biomarkers.

Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Detect Differences in Micturition-Related Brain Activity Between Volitional and Involuntary Detrusor Contractions.

Introduction: Detrusor contractions can be classified as either volitional or involuntary. The latter are a hallmark of urge urinary incontinence. Understanding differences in neuroactivation associated with both types of contractions can help elucidate pathophysiology and therapeutic targets.

Integrating dynamical modeling and phylogeographic inference to characterize global influenza circulation.

Global seasonal influenza circulation involves a complex interplay between local (seasonality, demography, host immunity) and global factors (international mobility) shaping recurrent epidemic patterns. No studies so far have reconciled the two spatial levels, evaluating the coupling between national epidemics, considering heterogeneous coverage of epidemiological, and virological data, integrating different data sources. We propose a novel-combined approach based on a dynamical model of global influenza spread (GLEAM), integrating high-resolution demographic, and mobility data, and a generalized linear model of phylogeographic diffusion that accounts for time-varying migration rates.

Triple Clavicle Injury: A Fracture of the Middle Third Associated With Acromioclavicular Dislocation and Sternoclavicular Subluxation.

In this report, we present a case of a triple clavicle injury, acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation, a middle third clavicle fracture, and a sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) subluxation, and describe its successful surgical treatment. A 49-year-old female patient sustained a 3 m fall, resulting in direct trauma to her left shoulder. Initial radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans revealed a displaced middle third clavicle fracture, a high-grade ACJ dislocation, and a posterior SCJ subluxation.

Acute Intermittent Porphyria in an Adolescent Patient: Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges.

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by decreased activity of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase in the heme synthesis pathway. This leads to the accumulation of toxic porphyrin precursors, such as porphobilinogen and δ-aminolevulinic acid. Clinical manifestations typically include episodic bouts of severe neurovisceral pain and autonomic dysfunction.

Estimation of genetic admixture proportions via haplotypes.

Estimation of ancestral admixture is essential for creating personal genealogies, studying human history, and conducting genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The following three primary methods exist for estimating admixture coefficients. The frequentist approach directly maximizes the binomial loglikelihood.

Annual Trends Among the Unsheltered in Three Los Angeles Neighborhoods: The Los Angeles Longitudinal Enumeration and Demographic Survey (LA LEADS) 2023 Annual Report.

Since fall 2021, the authors of this study have conducted regular enumerations of the unsheltered populations in three Los Angeles neighborhoods known for having high concentrations of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness: Hollywood, Skid Row, and Venice. In addition to counts, the authors have conducted surveys of unsheltered residents in these same neighborhoods to better understand the characteristics, experiences, and needs of these populations. The results of the first year of this study, known as the Los Angeles Longitudinal Enumeration and Demographic Survey (LA LEADS), were presented in a report published by RAND in 2023.

Hiding in plain sight: eating disorders in diverse populations - a case for comprehensive medical education.

Background: Training gaps regarding the diagnosis and management of eating disorders in diverse populations, including racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minoritized groups, have not been thoroughly examined.

Objective: This study aimed to examine resident physicians' knowledge and attitudes regarding eating disorders in diverse populations, with a focus on areas for improved training and intervention.

Methods: Ninety-two resident physicians in internal medicine, emergency medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, psychiatry, and surgery at an academic center completed an online survey from 12/1/2020-3/1/2021, which comprised multiple choice and vignette-style open-ended questions to assess knowledge and attitudes toward the management and clinical presentations of eating disorders.

Group 1 innate lymphoid cells protect liver transplants from ischemia-reperfusion injury via an interferon-γ-mediated pathway.

As important immune regulatory cells, whether innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are involved in liver transplantation (LT) remains unclear. In a murine orthotopic LT model, we dissected roles of ILCs in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Wild type (WT) grafts suffered significantly higher IRI in Rag2-γc double knockout (DKO) than Rag2 KO recipients, in association with downregulation of group 1 ILCs genes, including IFN-γ.

Two-year outcomes from the Cook IVC Filter (CIVC) Study.

Purpose: Report 2-year outcomes from a prospective, multicenter, non-randomized, single-arm study designed to further assess the safety and effectiveness of the Celect and the Günther Tulip Vena Cava Filters.

Materials And Methods: The BLIND study enrolled patients requiring temporary or permanent IVC filter placement for the prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE). The primary effectiveness endpoint was the rate of technical placement success and 12-month freedom from new symptomatic PE while a filter was indwelling.

Pleiotropic effects of mutant huntingtin on retinopathy in two mouse models of Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat, encoding a string of glutamines (polyQ) in the first exon of the huntingtin gene (HTTex1). This mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) with extended polyQ forms aggregates in cortical and striatal neurons, causing cell damage and death. The retina is part of the central nervous system (CNS), and visual deficits and structural abnormalities in the retina of HD patients have been observed.

Factors Associated with Pediatric Drowning-Associated Lung Injury.

Objective: To identify risk factors for clinically-important drowning-associated lung injury (ciDALI) in children.

Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study of children (0 through18 years) who presented to 32 pediatric emergency departments (EDs) from 2010 through 2017. We reviewed demographics, comorbidities, prehospital data, chest radiographs reports, and ED course from emergency medical services, medical, and fatality records.