Universal screening for intimate partner and sexual violence in trauma patients-What about the men? An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multicenter Trial.

Background: A recent Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma-supported multicenter trial demonstrated a similar rate of intimate partner and sexual violence (IPSV) between male and female trauma patients, regardless of mechanism. Our objective was to perform a subgroup analysis of our affected male cohort because this remains an understudied group in the trauma literature.

Methods: We conducted a recent Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma-supported, cross-sectional, multicenter trial over one year (March 2015 to April 2016) involving four Level I trauma centers throughout the United States.

Beta blockers in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: Results from a multicenter, prospective, observational American Association for the Surgery of Trauma study.

Background: Beta blockers, a class of medications that inhibit endogenous catecholamines interaction with beta adrenergic receptors, are often administered to patients hospitalized after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We tested the hypothesis that beta blocker use after TBI is associated with lower mortality, and secondarily compared propranolol to other beta blockers.

Methods: The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Clinical Trial Group conducted a multi-institutional, prospective, observational trial in which adult TBI patients who required intensive care unit admission were compared based on beta blocker administration.

Universal screening for intimate partner and sexual violence in trauma patients: An EAST multicenter trial.

Background: A single-center trial recently demonstrated a prevalence of 14% of intimate partner and sexual violence (IPSV) among both male and female trauma patients, regardless of mechanism of injury. We aimed to determine if this phenomenon was similar to rates in other trauma centers by assessing the feasibility of universal screening and determining the prevalence and association of IPSV with other trauma-associated comorbidities.

Methods: We designed an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma-supported multicenter, prospective observational cohort study involving four Level I trauma centers throughout the United States.

Loop ileostomy versus total colectomy as surgical treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter trial.

Objectives: The mortality of patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) requiring surgery continues to be very high. Loop ileostomy (LI) was introduced as an alternative procedure to total colectomy (TC) for CDAD by a single-center study. To date, no reproducible results have been published.

Pneumatosis Intestinalis Predictive Evaluation Study: A multicenter epidemiologic study of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

Background: Our group has previously published a retrospective review defining variables predictive of transmural bowel ischemia in the setting of pneumatosis intestinalis (PI). We hypothesize this prospective study will confirm the findings of the retrospective review, enhancing legitimacy to the predictive factors for pathologic PI previously highlighted.

Methods: Data were collected using the Research Electronic Data Capture.

Dermatopathology effects of simulated solar particle event radiation exposure in the porcine model.

The space environment exposes astronauts to risks of acute and chronic exposure to ionizing radiation. Of particular concern is possible exposure to ionizing radiation from a solar particle event (SPE). During an SPE, magnetic disturbances in specific regions of the Sun result in the release of intense bursts of ionizing radiation, primarily consisting of protons that have a highly variable energy spectrum.

Chlorisondamine, a sympathetic ganglionic blocker, moderates the effects of whole-body irradiation (WBI) on early host defense to a live bacterial challenge.

There is a growing consensus that long-term deficits in the brain are due to dynamic interactions between multiple neural and immune cell types. Specifically, radiation induces an inflammatory response, including changes in neuromodulatory pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion. The purpose of this study was to establish that there is sympathetic involvement in radiation-induced decrements early in in vivo immune function host defense.

Genetic and Apoptotic Changes in Lungs of Mice Flown on the STS-135 Mission in Space.

Aim: The goal of the study was to evaluate changes in lung status due to spaceflight stressors that include radiation above levels found on Earth.

Materials And Methods: Within hours after return from a 13-day mission in space onboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis, C57BL/6 mice (FLT group) were euthanized; mice housed on the ground in similar animal enclosure modules served as controls (AEM group). Lung tissue was collected to evaluate the expression of genes related to extracellular matrix (ECM)/adhesion and stem cell signaling.

The Effects of Gamma and Proton Radiation Exposure on Hematopoietic Cell Counts in the Ferret Model.

Exposure to total-body radiation induces hematological changes, which can detriment one's immune response to wounds and infection. Here, the decreases in blood cell counts after acute radiation doses of γ-ray or proton radiation exposure, at the doses and dose-rates expected during a solar particle event (SPE), are reported in the ferret model system. Following the exposure to γ-ray or proton radiation, the ferret peripheral total white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts decreased whereas neutrophil count increased within 3 hours.

Biological and metabolic response in STS-135 space-flown mouse skin.

There is evidence that space flight condition-induced biological damage is associated with increased oxidative stress and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. To explore possible mechanisms, changes in gene expression profiles implicated in oxidative stress and in ECM remodeling in mouse skin were examined after space flight. The metabolic effects of space flight in skin tissues were also characterized.

The effect of spaceflight on mouse olfactory bulb volume, neurogenesis, and cell death indicates the protective effect of novel environment.

Space missions necessitate physiological and psychological adaptations to environmental factors not present on Earth, some of which present significant risks for the central nervous system (CNS) of crewmembers. One CNS region of interest is the adult olfactory bulb (OB), as OB structure and function are sensitive to environmental- and experience-induced regulation. It is currently unknown how the OB is altered by spaceflight.

Impact of total-body irradiation on the response to a live bacterial challenge.

Purpose: Concern regarding radiation effects on human health continues to increase worldwide. Given that infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after exposure, the aim of this study was to evaluate decrements in immune cell populations using a mammalian model subjected to a live bacterial infection.

Materials And Methods: C57BL/6 mice were exposed to total-body irradiation (TBI) with 3 Gy protons (70 cGy/min).

Biological effects of passive versus active scanning proton beams on human lung epithelial cells.

The goal was to characterize differences in cell response after exposure to active beam scanning (ABS) protons compared to a passive delivery system. Human lung epithelial (HLE) cells were evaluated at various locations along the proton depth dose profile. The dose delivered at the Bragg peak position was essentially identical (∼4 Gy) with the two techniques, but depth dose data showed that ABS resulted in lower doses at entry and more rapid drop-off after the peak.

Spaceflight environment induces mitochondrial oxidative damage in ocular tissue.

A recent report shows that more than 30% of the astronauts returning from Space Shuttle missions or the International Space Station (ISS) were diagnosed with eye problems that can cause reduced visual acuity. We investigate here whether spaceflight environment-associated retinal damage might be related to oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Female C57BL/6 mice were flown in the space shuttle Atlantis (STS-135), and within 3-5 h of landing, the spaceflight and ground-control mice, similarly housed in animal enclosure modules (AEMs) were euthanized and their eyes were removed for analysis.

Protracted low-dose radiation priming and response of liver to acute gamma and proton radiation.

This study evaluated liver from C57BL/6 mice irradiated with low-dose/low-dose-rate (LDR) γ-rays (0.01 Gy, 0.03 cGy/h), with and without subsequent exposure to acute 2 Gy gamma or proton radiation.

Effects of minocycline on hematopoietic recovery after whole-body irradiation.

Background/aim: We previously found that minocycline enhanced the levels of several leukocyte populations and had the capacity to induce secretion of certain cytokines early after irradiation. In the current study we further determined the drug's effect on hematopoietic recovery.

Materials And Methods: Minocycline was injected intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice for 5 days, beginning immediately before exposure to (60)Co γ-rays (1, 2, 3 Gy).

Analysis of minocycline as a countermeasure against acute radiation syndrome.

Background/aim: To evaluate the impact of an antibiotic, minocycline, on several immune parameters in response to radiation in a mouse model.

Materials And Methods: C57BL/6 mice were treated with minocycline (i.p.

Space-relevant radiation modifies cytokine profiles, signaling proteins and Foxp3+ T cells.

Purpose: The major goal was to evaluate effects of various radiation regimens on leukocyte populations relatively long-term after whole-body irradiation.

Materials And Methods: C57BL/6 mice were exposed to-low-dose/low-dose rate (LDR) (57)Co γ-rays (0.01 Gy, 0.

Mitochondrial oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and radioprotection in proton-irradiated rat retina.

There is concern about possible radiation damage to the eyes from occupational exposure and medical procedures. In this study, molecular mechanisms of proton radiation-induced oxidative damage to retinal cells were evaluated, with and without a cell-permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, metalloporphyrin compound (MnTE-2-PyP). Retinal mitochondria-associated genes and protein expression profiles were studied.

Analysis of a metalloporphyrin antioxidant mimetic (MnTE-2-PyP) as a radiomitigator: prostate tumor and immune status.

Due to radiation-induced immune depression and development of pathologies such as cancer, there is increasing urgency to identify radiomitigators that are effective when administered after radiation exposure. The main goal of this study was to determine the radiomitigation capacity of MnTE-2-PyP[Mn(III) tetrakis (N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin], a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, and evaluate leukocyte parameters in spleen and blood. C57BL/6 mice were total-body exposed to 2 Gy γ-rays (Co-60), i.

Investigation of the effects of head irradiation with gamma rays and protons on startle and pre-pulse inhibition behavior in mice.

With the increased international emphasis on manned space exploration, there is a growing need to understand the impact of the spaceflight environment on health and behavior. One particularly important aspect of this environment is low-dose radiation. In the present studies, we first characterized the γ- and proton-irradiation dose effect on acoustic startle and pre-pulse inhibition behaviors in mice exposed to 0-5 Gy brain-localized irradiation, and assessed these effects 2 days later.

Low-dose total-body γ irradiation modulates immune response to acute proton radiation.

Health risks due to exposure to low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation alone or when combined with acute irradiation are not yet clearly defined. This study quantified the effects of protracted exposure to low-dose/low-dose-rate γ rays with and without acute exposure to protons on the response of immune and other cell populations. C57BL/6 mice were irradiated with ⁵⁷Co (0.

Comparison of proton and electron radiation effects on biological responses in liver, spleen and blood.

Purpose: To determine whether differences exist between proton and electron radiations on biological responses after total-body exposure.

Materials And Methods: ICR mice (n=45) were irradiated to 2 Gray (Gy) using fully modulated 70 MeV protons (0.5 Gy/min) and 21 MeV electrons (3 Gy/min).

Impact of head-only iron ion radiation on the peripheral LPS response.

Although there is a large body of evidence indicating that radiation can have a dramatic impact on both immune and brain function, there is very little known about its effect on communication between these critical two systems. In this study, mice were exposed to head-localized irradiation with 5 Gy (56)Fe(26+) ions and assessed for immune function. Mice were inoculated with lipopolysaccharide 37-38 days post-irradiation.

Strain-related differences and radiation quality effects on mouse leukocytes: gamma-rays and protons (with and without aluminum shielding).

Increasing evidence indicates that radiation-induced genomic instability plays an important role in the development of cancer. However, radiation quality and genetic background can influence the outcome. The goal of this study was to quantify radiation-induced changes in lymphocyte populations in mouse strains known to differ in susceptibility to genomic instability (C57BL/6, resistant; CBA/Ca, susceptible).