Congenital Myenteric Hypoganglionosis.

Congenital myenteric hypoganglionosis is a rare developmental disorder characterized clinically by severe and persistent neonatal intestinal pseudoobstruction. The diagnosis is established by the prevalence of small myenteric ganglia composed of closely spaced ganglion cells with sparse surrounding neuropil. In practice, the diagnosis entails familiarity with the normal appearance of myenteric ganglia in young infants and the ability to confidently recognize significant deviations in ganglion size and morphology.

Cause of death in pediatric and infant heart transplant recipients: review of a 20-year, single-institution cohort.

Background: As infant and pediatric heart transplantation becomes more common, there is a growing need to better understand the causes of failure or death, if we are to continue to improve the outcome in these children.

Methods: A multidisciplinary team reviewed all deaths occurring in the cohort of infants and children transplanted during the first 20 years of the Loma Linda Pediatric Heart Transplant program, with 2 additional years of follow-up beyond the 20-year accrual period, and classified them as to cause.

Results: There were 169 deaths among 421 recipients, with a median follow-up of 9.

Velopharyngeal dysfunction: evolving developments in evaluation.

Purpose Of Review: Otolaryngologists are increasingly being called upon to assist in the differential diagnosis of velopharyngeal valving disorders for speech, assisting in treatment planning and the assessment of treatment outcomes.

Recent Findings: The most commonly used methods for direct visualization of velopharyngeal function remain nasendoscopy and videofluoroscopy. Literature supporting the use of either nasendoscopy followed by videofluoroscopy or the reverse can be found.

Stress and distress in pediatric nurses: lessons from Baby K.

Background: Nurses experience stress and suffering when they care for critically ill and dying patients. Moral distress occurs when nurses are unable to translate their moral choices into moral action. In response to this stress, nurses may experience burnout.