Effect of antibiotic gut microbiota disruption on LPS-induced acute lung inflammation.

Background: An increasing body of evidence is indicating that the gut microbiota modulates pulmonary inflammatory responses. This so-called gut-lung axis might be of importance in a whole spectrum of inflammatory pulmonary diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia. Here, we investigate the effect of antibiotic disruption of gut microbiota on immune responses in the lung after a intranasal challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Patient-reported Quality of Life in Patients with Primary Metastatic Prostate Cancer Treated with Androgen Deprivation Therapy with and Without Concurrent Radiation Therapy to the Prostate in a Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial; Data from the HORRAD Trial.

Background: A survival benefit was demonstrated for patients with low-volume metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) when local radiotherapy was added to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).

Objective: To determine the effect of ADT combined with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) to the prostate on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with primary bone mPCa.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The HORRAD trial is a multicentre randomised controlled trial recruiting 432patients with primary bone mPCa between 2004 and 2014.

Recombination Analysis of Non-Poliovirus Members of the Enterovirus C Species; Restriction of Recombination Events to Members of the Same 3DPol Cluster.

Enteroviruses (EVs) are highly prevalent viruses worldwide. Recombination is known to occur frequently in EVs belonging to species , , and . Although many recombinant vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) strains have been reported, our knowledge on recombination in non-polio EVs in the species is limited.

The International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA): Mission, Results, and Future Activities.

Background: The International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA) is a network of 28 centers from 16 countries initiated to investigate the link between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorder (SUD). In this article, we present the mission, the results of finished studies, and the current and future research projects of ICASA.

Methods: During the past 10 years, 3 cross-sectional studies were conducted: two International ADHD in Substance use disorders Prevalence (IASP-1 and IASP-2) studies, directed at the screening, diagnosis, and the prevalence of adult ADHD in treatment-seeking patients with SUD, and the Continuous performance test for ADHD in SUD Patients (CASP) study, testing a novel continuous performance test in SUD patients with and without adult ADHD.

A Systematic Review on Transplantation Studies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Animal Models.

Unlabelled: The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the adjacent light-sensitive photoreceptors form a single functional unit lining the back of the eye. Both cell layers are essential for normal vision. RPE degeneration is usually followed by photoreceptor degeneration and vice versa.

Human Postprandial Nutrient Metabolism and Low-Grade Inflammation: A Narrative Review.

The importance of the postprandial state has been acknowledged, since hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are linked with several chronic systemic low-grade inflammation conditions. Humans spend more than 16 h per day in the postprandial state and the postprandial state is acknowledged as a complex interplay between nutrients, hormones and diet-derived metabolites. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into the physiology of the postprandial inflammatory response, the role of different nutrients, the pro-inflammatory effects of metabolic endotoxemia and the anti-inflammatory effects of bile acids.

Human ectoenzyme-expressing ILC3: immunosuppressive innate cells that are depleted in graft-versus-host disease.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is often associated with chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced host tissue damage, leading to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) have an essential role in tissue homeostasis and tissue repair via their production of interleukin (IL)-22, which acts on intestinal stem cells. The tissue healing capacities of ILC via IL-22 in the context of allo-HSCT and GVHD has previously been demonstrated in a mouse model for acute GVHD.

Melioidosis in travelers: An analysis of Dutch melioidosis registry data 1985-2018.

Background: Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an opportunistic infection across the tropics. Here, we provide a systematic overview of imported human cases in a non-endemic country over a 25-year period.

Methods: All 55 Dutch microbiology laboratories were contacted in order to identify all B.

The expanding role of endobronchial ultrasound in patients with centrally located intrapulmonary tumors.

Objectives: Tissue acquisition of lung tumors is crucial for diagnostic and treatment purposes. In patients with centrally located lung tumors without endobronchial abnormalities the yield of conventional bronchoscopy is poor. Objective of this study was to assess diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA in patients with lung tumors, located near or adjacent to the major airways.

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics in neonates with a suspected central nervous system infection.

Clinical signs and symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) infections in neonates are often nonspecific. Therefore, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is performed to diagnose CNS infections. Data on combined microbiological results and their correlation with biochemical characteristics in CSF and blood in infants younger than 90 days are limited.

Systemic and intrathecal immune activation in association with cerebral and cognitive outcomes in paediatric HIV.

Despite treatment, immune activation is thought to contribute to cerebral injury in children perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We aimed to characterize immune activation in relation to neuroimaging and cognitive outcomes. We therefore measured immunological, coagulation, and neuronal biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 34 perinatally HIV-infected children aged 8-18 years, and in plasma samples of 37 controls of comparable age, sex, ethnicity, and socio-economic status.

Fc gamma receptor IIa suppresses type I and III interferon production by human myeloid immune cells.

Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are fundamental for antiviral immunity, but prolonged expression is also detrimental to the host. Therefore, upon viral infection high levels of type I and III IFNs are followed by a strong and rapid decline. However, the mechanisms responsible for this suppression are still largely unknown.