Common properties shared by growth-associated proteins of the regenerating optic nerve of goldfish (C. auratus).

Regenerating neurons synthesize new, rapidly transported, growth-associated proteins which are thought to mediate the regeneration process. We have studied these proteins in the regenerating optic nerves of goldfish by using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with gel fluorography and computer analysis. The results indicate that goldfish retinal ganglion cells produce 3 polypeptides which qualify as growth-associated proteins.

Gas chromatographic analysis of urinary dimercaptosuccinic acid.

The therapeutic use of disulfhydryl compounds such as 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) for the treatment of heavy metal poisoning has generated a requirement for specific and sensitive methods to determine those compounds in biological media. We have developed a gas chromatographic assay for DMSA in urine. The use of capillary column technology eliminates the requirement for a preliminary clean-up step.

Effects of electrolyte and nutrient solutions on performance and metabolic balance.

Three commercial sport drinks, solutions of their individual minerals and glucose, and water were used to maintain water balances in six men during 4 h of physical activity in a 35 degrees C room. Each solution was provided for 5 consecutive days to each man during the 12-wk study. Complete mineral and water balances (including sweat losses) were conducted.

Internal deformation of the AK-74; a possible cause for its erratic path in tissue.

A series of 20 shots with the AK-74 Russian Assault Rifle, in which the entire course of the bullet was captured in gelatin, showed a change in direction of the bullet track approximating a right angle in every case. Bullets were recovered from the gelatin for ten consecutive shots of this series and examined roentgenographically. In all cases an internal deformation was discovered to have taken place: lead from the bullet's core flowed into the air space inside the bullet's tip.

A reconsideration of the wounding mechanism of very high velocity projectiles--importance of projectile shape.

In 1976 a paper appeared which forecast "significant increases in velocities of projectiles from guns and fragments from warheads." It was postulated that the higher velocity projectiles would cause shallow wounds with wide tissue destruction on the surface--especially when striking velocity exceeded the speed of sound in tissue (about 1.5 km/sec).

The wound profile: illustration of the missile-tissue interaction.

The wound profile was developed at the Letterman Army Institute of Research in order to measure the amount, type, and location of tissue disruption produced by a given projectile, and to present the data in a standardized, easy to understand picture. The entire missile path is captured in one or more 25 X 25 X 50 cm blocks of 10% ordnance gelatin at 4 degrees C. The penetration depth, projectile deformation and fragmentation pattern, yaw, and temporary cavity of the missile in living anesthetized swine muscle are reproduced by this gelatin.

Optimal hematologic variables for oxygen transport, including P50, hemoglobin cooperativity, hematocrit, acid-base status, and cardiac function.

The two important blood properties that affect O2 delivery are the O2 equilibrium curve (OEC) and blood viscosity with its subsequent effect on flow (cardiac output). To quantitate these properties blood OEC's were analyzed in terms of the Adair 4-step oxygenation model and the resulting parameters were used to construct a computer nomogram to reproduce the OEC at any combination of effectors that regulate P50 (pH, PCO2, and 2,3-DPG). In this way, the P50 could be changed systematically and the effects on overall O2 transport could be studied.

Removal of bacteria from blood by charcoal hemoperfusion.

E. coli bacteria were successfully removed from contaminated RBC/plasma by using a special matrix of micro-encapsulated albumin activated charcoal (ACAC). Efficacy of removing the bacteria was directly related to the amount of time the contaminated blood was in contact with the charcoal.

Effectiveness of controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellents and permethrin-impregnated clothing in the field.

Two topical controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellent formulations of diethyl methylbenzamide (deet) and permethrin-impregnated clothing were tested on human volunteers in a tropical rain forest near Innisfail, Queensland, Australia. The field trials were arranged in a four-way factorial design which compared fabric types, permethrin treatment and repellent treatments over a 14-hour test period. An analysis of variance with each factor treated as a fixed effect indicated that treatment of the clothing with permethrin and use of topical repellents were effective in preventing bites.

Resuscitation with 7.5% NaCl in 6% dextran-70 during hemorrhagic shock in swine: effects on organ blood flow.

We previously reported that small volume infusions of 7.5% NaCl in 6% dextran-70 (HSD) are superior to equal volumes of normal saline (NS) or 7.5% NaCl in the ability to resuscitate animals from an otherwise lethal hemorrhage.

Liquid storage at 4 degrees C of previously frozen red cells.

Fresh human blood was collected in citrate-phosphate-dextrose, frozen by a high-glycerol technique, and stored at -80 degrees C. The red cells were thawed, deglycerolized, and resuspended in a final wash solution, ADSOL (Fenwal Laboratories), or an additive solution (AS) containing glucose, adenine, mannitol, and phosphate. The cells were then stored at 4 to 6 degrees C for 21 days and assayed weekly for adenosine triphosphate and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate, pH, glucose use, and lysis.

High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ascorbate-2-phosphate, adenine and hypoxanthine in stored human blood.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed to assay for adenine, hypoxanthine, and ascorbate-2-phosphate in both red blood cells and plasma. The samples were diluted and filtered through Centriflo filter cones to remove most of the blood proteins before injection onto the column. The application of the technique to an experimental blood preservation study is illustrated.

Wholesomeness of Irradiated Foods.

The history and applications of food irradiation are reviewed. The term wholesomeness when applied to food irradiation, embodies the concepts of microbiological and toxicological safety, and nutritional adequacy. The status of these areas of concern is reviewed.

Post-thaw storage at 4 degrees C of previously frozen red cells with retention of 2,3-DPG.

Fresh human blood was collected in CPD, frozen by either the Meryman or the Valeri high glycerol technique, and stored at -80 degrees C. Later the red cells were thawed, deglycerolized by the appropriate technique and resuspended in either saline-glucose wash solution or an additive solution containing ascorbate-2-phosphate, adenine, glucose (dextrose), mannitol and sodium phosphate. The cells were stored at 4-6 degrees C for 21 days and assayed weekly for ATP, 2,3-DPG, pH, P50, glucose utilization and lysis.

Laser injury to multiple retinal foci.

A 21-year-old man received an accidental laser injury to three separate foci of the retina of his right eye from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser target designator emitting at 1,064 nm, operating at 10 Hz, with a pulse duration of 20 ns. The nominal output of this device was 50 mJ, and the diameter of the output beam was approximately 4 cm. The extent of injury consisted of retinal necrosis, subretinal hemorrhage, vitreous hemorrhage, and striate retinopathy.

Additive solutions for better blood preservation.

For several decades the standard blood preservative solution consisted of citrate, dextrose, and, later, phosphate (ACD and CPD). In 1978 a new solution containing adenine (CPDA-1) was introduced to permit extension of red cell shelf life from 21 to 35 days. The success of CPDA-1 and the high percentage of blood units processed into components (estimated 87% in 1983) have stimulated a burst of research and development activity to develop improved red cell preservation systems.

Laboratory evaluation of controlled-release insect repellent formulations.

Seven microcapsule formulations and two polymer formulations of deet were tested on white rabbits for their repellency against the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Two microcapsule formulations and one polymer formulation provided more than 80% protection for 12 hours. Results demonstrated that the protection period of deet can be extended through controlled-release techniques.

Mathematical models of the effectiveness and persistence of mosquito repellents.

Two models of the effectiveness and persistence of mosquito repellents on the skin were developed from published functions and data. The probit plane model, Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2, relates the response (Y, in probits) of the mosquito test population to the log dose (X1) of repellent applied and the test period, or elapsed time from the time of application (X2). The exponential decay model, Z = X1 + (b2/b1)X2, estimates the repellent residue (log-1 Z) from X1 and X2.

Mutagenic Potential of Chemicals Associated with Tenebrionid Flour Beetle Secretions as Determined by the Ames Assay.

Infestation of flour and other stored products by the tenebrionid (flour beetles) has been proven a health hazard to the public. Secretions from these insects have been found to be harmful toxicologically. These secretions also possess characteristics typical of mutagens.

Mutagenicity of Tenebrionid Flour Beetle Secretions Using Drosophila melanogaster Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Test.

The Tribolium spp. beetles are the most common tenebrionids infesting flour and other stored foods. 2-Ethyl-1, 4-benzoquinone (EBQ) and 2-methyl-1, 4-benzoquinone (MBQ) are the major secretory products of these insects.

Survival of Bacteria in Food Cooked by Microwave Oven, Conventional Oven and Slow Cookers .

To assess the destructive effect of different cookery methods on bacteria, strains of Escherichia coli , Clostridium perfringens , Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus were used to inoculate a meatloaf preparation. After inoculation, a sample was withdrawn for bacterial analysis and the remainder of the meatloaf was divided and cooked by microwave oven, conventional oven and slow cooker. The temperature of the meatloaf was recorded at various locations immediately after cooking to obtain minimum, maximum and mean temperatures for each loaf.

Colony Count Accuracy Using Selective Media: Analysts Versus Automatic Colony Counters .

Using two different methods of counting, a comparison was made of the ability of five analysts to enumerate colonies on selective bacteriologic media. First, analysts manually counted the colonies aided by a Quebec colony counter and a hand tally. This was followed by the counting of colonies on each of three automated colony counters.

Comparison of Bacterial Species Isolated from Ground Beef, Textured Soy Protein and Ground Beef Extended with Textured Soy Protein .

A survey of the bacterial species of public health importance which could be isolated from ground beef (GB), textured soy protein (TSP) and ground beef extended with TSP (SGB) after 3 and 10 days of storage at 4 C was conducted. Escherichia coli was the most frequent gram-negative isolate from GB and SGB. Few gram-negative organisms were found in TSP.

Types of Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Selected Foods .

To determine the proportion of type A Clostridium perfringens occurring among C. perfringens isolates obtained from foods, strains were typed by the mouse serum neutralization method. Of 339 isolates from ground beef, ground pork, ground turkey, live crab, cured sausage, and live clams.