Laboratory evaluation of controlled-release repellent formulations on human volunteers under three climatic regimens.

Six controlled-release personal-use topical insect/arthropod repellent formulations of diethylmethylbenzamide (deet) were evaluated in an environmental chamber on volunteers for repellency against the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Ae. taeniorhynchus under three climatic regimens: basic variable high humidity (tropical environment), basic constant high humidity (forested and wet environment) and basic hot (hot-dry environment). The best protection under all the climatic regimens was provided by the Biotek formulation.

Evaporation and skin penetration characteristics of mosquito repellent formulations.

Formulations of the mosquito repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) in combination with a variety of additives were developed to control repellent evaporation and percutaneous penetration. Deet was also formulated with the repellent dimethyl phthalate to study the interaction of the two compounds on the skin. The evaporation and penetration processes were evaluated on whole and split-thickness pig skin using radiolabeled repellents with an in vitro apparatus.

Determination of physostigmine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.

Physostigmine (PHY) is an anticholinergic drug used in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders and organophosphate poisoning. We described a sensitive, accurate, and reproducible method for PHY determination in biological materials. The method utilized a liquid/liquid, ion pair extraction, normal phase HPLC separation, and fluorometric quantitation at 240 nm excitation and 360 nm emission wavelength.

Effect of diltiazem and a prostaglandin derivative (PGBx) on platelet function during long-term storage.

Calcium is an intermediate messenger between platelet stimuli and platelet response. Published studies have shown that the decreased ability of platelets to control calcium flux during long-term storage leads to platelet senility. Platelet metabolism might be more efficient during storage if pharmacologic agents that limit calcium movement were incorporated into the platelet concentrate storage solution.

The interaction of phenyldichloroarsine with erythrocytes.

The purpose of the study was to identify binding sites of organic arsenic in the erythrocyte and to explain species differences in binding. Washed erythrocytes were exposed to graded concentrations of [U-14C]phenyldichloroarsine (PDA) in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% glucose and 0.

Dermal penetration and systemic distribution of 14C-labeled vitamin E in human skin grafted athymic nude mice.

In vivo percutaneous penetration and tissue distribution of 14C-labeled vitamin E applied to human skin grafted onto athymic nude mice were determined. At 1 hr, mouse skin contained the highest level of radioactivity, followed by the muscle, blood, liver, lung, adipose tissue, spleen, kidney, brain, heart, and eyes. A linear increase with time in tissue radioactivity was observed throughout the 24 hr experimental period.

Blood lactate as a prognosticator of survival following hemorrhage in conscious swine.

Arterial blood lactate concentration at the end of fixed volume hemorrhage was evaluated as a predictor of survival in unmedicated chronically instrumented immature swine. Compared to basal values, 8.4 +/- 4.

Combined atropine and 2-PAM Cl effects on tracking performance and visual, physiological, and psychological functions.

Combinations of atropine (up to 4 mg.70 kg-1) and 2-PAM Cl (up to 1200 mg.70 kg-1) were studied for their effects on a pursuit tracking task, six visual functions, heart rate and blood pressure, and cognitive functions as measured by six psychological tests.

Some corrections to the record on insect repellents and attractants.

Fifteen apparent errors of observation, reporting, interpretation, or attribution occurring in the insect repellent and attractant literature were examined. Topics discussed are the boiling point effect, solvents and solutions, repellent-treated netting, terpineol and diphenyl oxide, lactic acid, the smell and feel of deet (diethylmethylbenzamide), effective half-life, protection time, protection time of deet for men and women, McGuire's formula, "plussing out", King's classification, exorbitant doses, extrapolated doses, and extreme observations. The decay constant (1.

Distribution and fate of diethyl malonate and diisopropyl fluorophosphate on pig skin in vitro.

The in vitro distribution and fate of [14C]diethyl malonate and [14C]diisopropyl fluorophosphate were evaluated on normal and heat-treated pig skin. The extent of hydrolysis from the skin surface, skin, and receptor fluid was determined. A significant skin-mediated hydrolysis (15-35% of applied dose) was observed for diethyl malonate in normal skin, but not in heat-treated skin.

Preparation of human hemoglobin Ao for possible use as a blood substitute.

A procedure is presented for the preparation of a purified fraction of adult human hemoglobin (HbAo) from one unit of outdated blood. The entire process requires less than 16 h and gives a sterile, endotoxin-free solution of HbAo (approximately 30 g) in a yield of 50%. The solutions are isoionic with a conductivity of less than 15 mu mhos and less than 2 mmol total phosphorus per mol heme.

A convenient spectroscopic method for the estimation of hemoglobin concentrations in cell-free solutions.

Using a millimolar absorptivity of 7.12 +/- 0.09 at 523 nm, it is possible to estimate the total concentration of hemoglobin in solutions containing oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in any combination.

Ordnance gelatin for ballistic studies. Detrimental effect of excess heat used in gelatin preparation.

Most users of ordnance gelatin for ballistics studies are apparently unaware of the detrimental effects on this tissue simulant's properties caused by excess heating in reconstitution of the gelatin powder. Material published by the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America states that heating gelatin above 40 degrees C can be detrimental to its properties. The manufacturer of type 250 A Ordnance Gelatin does not include directions for preparation with the gelatin powder.

Superoxide dismutase activity in lung from copper- and manganese-deficient mice exposed to ozone.

Nutritional manganese (Mn) or copper (Cu) deficiency was investigated in Swiss-Webster mice exposed to ozone (O3). Mice rendered Mn-deficient were first reared from Mn-deficient dams and then fed a Mn-deficient (1 microgram/g) diet. Mice rendered Cu-deficient were fed a diet containing 0.

Upon-admission adrenal steroidogenesis is adapted to the degree of illness in intensive care unit patients.

Adrenal function was studied in 2 groups of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with varying degrees of illness, as determined by Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE). The 15 seriously ill patients with high APACHE scores (greater than or equal to 25) had elevated Therapeutic Intervention Scores and increased mortality compared to the 15 ill patients (APACHE, less than or equal to 10; 67% vs. 27%).

Wound ballistics. A review of common misconceptions.

Attempts to explain wound ballistics (the study of effects on the body produced by penetrating projectiles) have only succeeded in mystifying it. This review explains the projectile-tissue interaction and presents data showing the location, type, and amount of tissue disruption characteristically produced by various projectiles. Data on tissue disruption are presented graphically as wound profiles.

Metabolic alterations induced by topical dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate.

The disposition of topical dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) in tissue and its effect on glucose metabolism were studied in vivo, using skin grafted athymic nude mice, and in vitro, using excised pig skin. [14C]DMAD that penetrated skin grafts was distributed throughout the body. At 24 hr, the liver contained 15.

Ascorbate-2-phosphate in red cell preservation. Clinical trials and active components.

A red cell additive solution (AS-005) containing ascorbate-2-phosphate (AsP) to maintain 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, plus adenine, phosphate, and mannitol to retain viability and reduce hemolysis, was evaluated by human clinical trials. A crossover design was used with another additive solution (Nutricel AS-3, Cutter Laboratories) serving as the control for each donor. Each additive solution was evaluated at 35 and 42 days of storage.

The fate of nitroguanidine in the rat.

The metabolism and disposition of nitroguanidine (NG), a component of military propellants and munitions, were examined in the rat. Radiolabeled nitroguanidine [( 14C]NG) was administered orally at doses of 20 and 200 mg/kg and intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Regardless of the route of administration, the radiolabel was recovered quantitatively in the urine of all animals within 48 hr after dosing.

Confounding factors in the hemorrhage of conscious swine: a retrospective study of physical restraint, splenectomy, and hyperthermia.

A retrospective study showed that variability in the responses of heart rate and mean arterial pressure to hemorrhage in conscious swine can be induced by handling procedures, hyperthermia, and splenectomy. All animals were hemorrhaged 38.5 ml/kg over 1 hour.

Effects of the antiglucocorticoid RU 486 on adrenal function in dogs.

We studied the antiglucocorticoid effects of RU 486 given orally in doses of 5 (low), 20 (intermediate), and 50 mg/kg (high) daily for 10 days to seven female mongrel dogs. No changes in plasma ACTH or cortisol levels were produced by the 5 mg/kg dose. Plasma ACTH levels increased 3-fold with both intermediate and high dosages.