Azadirachtin disrupts ecdysone signaling and alters sand fly immunity.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected vector-borne diseases transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Leishmania parasites must overcome various defenses in the sand fly midgut, including the insects's immune response. Insect immunity is regulated by the ecdysone hormone, which binds to its nuclear receptor (EcR) and activates the transcription of genes involved in insect immunity.

Circular RNAs as a new perspective in the diagnosis and mechanism of Leishmania infections.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. major/ L.

A novel inhibitory strategy of using and killer toxins.

Aim: Leishmaniasis is a globally prevalent parasitic disease that has drawn significant attention. Killer yeasts offer a novel biological control method, presenting a potential alternative for treating leishmaniasis. This study evaluates the antileishmanial activity of and killer toxins against .

A Systematic Review on Clinical Evidence for Topical Metformin: Old Medication With New Application.

Background And Aims: Metformin is a widely used oral agent for controlling diabetes mellitus, but it also has other therapeutic benefits for various conditions. In addition, conventional oral metformin, and topical metformin have been used in, in-vitro studies in the treatment of acne, psoriasis, wound healing, and and so forth. While topical metformin has shown promising results in animal studies, there is limited data on its effectiveness in humans.

Unique clones secrete populations of extracellular vesicles with unique protein profile and variable infectious capability.

The study of extracellular vesicles has become an incredibly important field of study, but the inherent heterogeneity of these vesicles continues to make their study challenging. The genetic variability and well-documented protocols for the growth and vesicle isolation from parasites provide a unique opportunity to compare the heterogeneity of different populations secreted by clones. was cultured on solid SDM agar plates and 8 clonal colonies were selected.

Exosomes in infectious diseases: insights into leishmaniasis pathogenesis, immune modulation, and therapeutic potential.

Leishmaniasis continues to be a critical international health issue due to the scarcity of efficient treatment and the development of drug tolerance. New developments in the research of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, have revealed novel disease management approaches. Exosomes are small vesicles that transport lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins in cell signalling.

Cave-dwelling phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Thailand: population composition and pathogen detection of Bartonella and Trypanosoma.

Background: Leishmaniasis is an emerging vector-borne disease that occurs in Thailand. Although Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites, the causative agents of the disease have been identified, the vectors of the disease remain unidentified. In the present study, we collected sand flies from three caves located in endemic areas of leishmaniasis, including Lampang and Chiang Rai in northern Thailand, and Songkhla in southern Thailand.

Downregulation of IRF7-mediated type-I interferon response by LmCen parasites is necessary for protective immunity.

Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites and currently has no licensed vaccines. We developed a dermotropic Leishmania major centrin gene-deleted strain (LmCen) as a live attenuated vaccine. Recent studies have shown that type I interferons (IFNs) play important roles in immunity to parasitic and viral pathogens.

Enhanced apoptosis and inflammation allied with autophagic and apoptotic Leishmania amastigotes in the seemingly undamaged ear skin of clinically affected dogs with canine visceral Leishmaniasis.

Programmed cell death plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of visceral Leishmaniasis. Apoptosis selects suitable parasites, regulating parasite density, whereas autophagy eliminates pathogens. This study aimed to assess the inflammation and apoptosis in inflammatory cells and presents a unique description of the presence of autophagic and apoptotic Leishmania amastigotes in naturally Leishmania-infected dogs.

Diagnostic techniques for visceral leishmaniasis: An overview of methods used in East Africa.

Leishmanias is a parasitic infection caused by a protozoan belonging to the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sand fly, Phlebotomus fly in the old world and Lutzomyia in the New world. The disease is prevalent in the tropics, subtropics, and Southern Europe, where it affects about 1.5 million to 2 million people annually.

Single-cell atlas of development in sandflies reveals the heterogeneity of transmitted parasites and their role in infection.

Sandfly vectors transmit through egestion of parasites into the host skin. The transmissible dose is shaped by development in the sandfly gut, described as a sequential differentiation of promastigote morphotypes. Apart from isolated mammal-infective metacyclic promastigotes, little is known about the transcriptional programs and molecular markers for other stages coinhabiting the midgut in mature infections and cotransmitted by the sandfly bite.

Evaluation of the public health laboratory network for tegumentary leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil.

Diagnostic networks ensure efficiency in disease diagnosis. A descriptive study evaluated the network of public health laboratories (NPHL) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using diagnostic results for tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) from the laboratory management system in 2017-2020. Out of 1,369 individuals analyzed, 704 (51.

FcRγIIA attenuates pathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and modulates ITAMa/i balance.

Background: Leishmania is the causal parasite of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide, and its dissemination is linked to climate change. Despite the complexity and effectiveness of the immune response, the parasite has developed many strategies to evade it and take control of the host cell to replicate. These evasion strategies start at early stages of infection by hijacking immune receptors to mitigate the cellular response.

Exploring the significant genetic diversity of Iranian isolates of Leishmania RNA virus 2 using whole genome sequence analysis.

Background: Our work presents the whole genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of five Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) isolates obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iran.

Methods: The whole genome sequencing of LRV2 was performed using a primer walking approach. The resulting sequences were analyzed for genetic and haplotype diversity, highlighting their independent evolution and significant genetic divergence.

Complicated iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome induced by topical clobetasol propionate in a child with psoriasis: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Long-term use of oral or parenteral corticosteroids is the most common cause of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Still, iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome occurs rarely following the administration of topical corticosteroids.

Case Presentation: This case study discusses the misuse of a high-potency corticosteroid cream by an Iranian 5-year-old male with plaque-form psoriasis, resulting in Cushingoid symptoms including moon face, buffalo hump, red striae, and weight gain.

Anti-leishmanial activity of Hypericum Scabrum extract against Leishmania major.

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease and one of the most significant neglected tropical diseases. Current anti-leishmanial treatments are often ineffective over extended periods and are associated with toxic side effects, highlighting the urgent need for new, effective, and safe alternative treatments for this infectious disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-leishmanial effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum scabrum (H.

Hematological profile among cutaneous leishmaniasis patients before and after treatment with sodium stibogluconate in Diyala, Iraq.

Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common protozoan disease in Iraq characterized by localized ulcers, primarily on exposed skin. This study aimed to investigate the hematological parameters of infected patients using a complete blood count (CBC) in the endemic area of Diyala Governorate, northeast of Baghdad. This has been studied in newly diagnosed, untreated individuals and patients receiving sodium antimony gluconate.

A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Giardia duodenalis in Rabbits: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity and Possible Zoonotic Concerns.

Background: Giardia duodenalis is a pathogenic protozoan responsible for gastrointestinal infections in various hosts, including rabbits. Understanding its epidemiology, genetic diversity and zoonotic implications is vital for public health and veterinary medicine. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize global data on the prevalence of G.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis and iron metabolism: current insights and challenges.

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic infection induced by protozoa of the genus The disease spectrum ranges from skin lesions to visceral leishmaniasis, which is fatal if untreated. The cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by a clinical polymorphism of lesions with a broad range of severity ranging from a self-limited lesion to multiple disfiguring lesions stigmatizing the patient for life. Although iron is required for several process of infection including survival, growth and virulence, the number of studies on host iron metabolism during this infection remains limited.

Molecular detection of DNA in wild-caught sand flies, and spp. in northern Iran.

Leishmaniasis is currently considered a major health problem in Iran, posing an increasing threat to society's development in various dimensions. This study aimed to detect infection in wild-caught sand flies in Sari City, northern Iran. Sand flies were collected using sticky traps, and DNA was identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ITS2-rDNA region, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.

Novel SARS-COV2 poly epitope phage-based candidate vaccine and its immunogenicity.

Background And Purpose: The global emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted widespread concern. Bacteriophages have recently gained attention as a cost-effective and stable alternative for vaccine development due to their adjuvant properties. This study aimed to design and validate a poly epitope composed of viral proteins.

Molecular characterization of the E2 conjugating enzyme LinfUbc13 in Leishmania infantum.

UBC13 is an orthologue of Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugation E2 enzymes described in Leishmania mexicana, a null mutant lacking this gene cannot be produced, suggesting essential functions in this parasite. Leishmania infantum is an etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe type of disease that is potentially fatal if untreated. The ubiquitination process has been targeted for leishmanicidal compounds, indicating its essential function in parasite homeostasis.

Epidemiological and Molecular Surveillance of Leishmania Species among Humans, Vectors, and Dogs in a Wildland-Urban Interface of Cartagena, Colombia.

In Colombia, human leishmaniasis is endemic in rural areas, with increasing reports of outbreaks and cases in urban areas. Cartagena, an urban city in the Colombian Caribbean with a wildland-urban interface, faced its first local cases between 2011 and 2015. Despite reports, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains neglected and understudied and almost devoid of active surveillance.

Clinicopathological Features of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA) in 26 females: A Retrospective Study.

Background & Objective: FFA usually has a gradual subtle course and might be overlooked by physicians or misdiagnosed with other types of hair loss including androgenetic alopecia, traction alopecia, and other types of patterned alopecia. In this study, we described clinicopathological features of patients with FFA referring for skin biopsy.

Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study on 26 patients with a diagnosis of FFA based on clinicopathological features.

The spatio-temporal evolution of leishmaniasis in the province of Essaouira.

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a highly prevalent neglected tropical disease. It represents a significant public health concern in northern Africa, particularly in Morocco. To assess the extent of the disease at the provincial level, as well as the temporal evolution of CL cases and their geographic distribution.