Parental socioeconomic status is linked to cortical microstructure and language abilities in children and adolescents.

Gradients in parental socioeconomic status (SES) are closely linked to important life outcomes in children and adolescents, such as cognitive abilities, school achievement, and mental health. Parental SES may also influence brain development, with several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies reporting associations with youth brain morphometry. However, MRI signal intensity metrics have not been assessed, but could offer a microstructural correlate, thereby increasing our understanding of SES influences on neurobiology.

Attentional Competition and Semantic Integration in Low- and High-Span Readers.

The goal of the current study is to investigate the effects of the distractive textual information on the activation of predictive inference online, and how the readers with high or low working memory capacity (WMC) differ in their online activation and text memory. To test the two hypothesis of attentional competition (AC) and semantic integration (SI), we conducted three experiments to investigate whether a local prediction (e.g.

Mapping Pitch Accents to Memory Representations in Spoken Discourse Among Chinese Learners of English: Effects of L2 Proficiency and Working Memory.

We examined L2 learners' interpretation of pitch accent cues in discourse memory and how these effects vary with proficiency and working memory (WM). One hundred sixty-eight L1-Chinese participants learning L2-English listened to recorded discourses containing pairs of contrastive alternatives and then took a later recognition memory test. Their language proficiency and WM were measured through standard tests and the participants were categorized into low, medium, advanced, and high advanced language proficiency groups.

Associations among socioeconomic status and preschool-aged children's, number skills, and spatial skills: The role of executive function.

Extensive literature has documented socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in young children's standardized math achievement, which primarily reflect differences in basic number and arithmetic skills. In addition, growing evidence indicates that direct assessments of executive function (EF) both predict standardized math achievement and mediate SES differences in standardized math tests. However, early spatial skills and children's approximate number system (ANS) acuity, critical components of later math competence, have been largely absent in this past research.

A measure of individual differences in readers' approaches to text and its relation to reading experience and reading comprehension.

Readers have different motivations and approaches to text that covers a range of topics and difficulty levels. We introduce the concept of readers' approaches to text to establish a link between motivational and cognitive aspects of reading comprehension. Study 1 describes the development of a self-report measure of readers' approaches to text with a community sample.

Self-Regulatory Coping Behaviors and Stress Reactivity: Exploring the Environmental Affordance Model of Health Disparities.

Objectives: To explore the relationship between self-regulatory coping behaviors (SRCB) and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) stress reactivity.

Methods: Data came from the Richmond Stress and Sugar Study (n=125, median age: 57 years, 46% non-Hispanic White, 48% African American). The relationships between 11 SRCB ("health-harming" [e.

Corrigendum: Effects of Trained Peer vs. Teacher Feedback on EFL Students' Writing Performance, Self-Efficacy, and Internalization of Motivation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.

The policing paradox: Police stops predict youth's school disengagement via elevated psychological distress.

Negative interactions with the legal system can inform adolescents' relationships with schools. The present daily-diary study examined 13,545 daily survey assessments from 387 adolescents (M = 13-14; 40% male; 32% Black, 50% White, and 18% Other ethnic-racial minority) across 35 days to assess whether police stops predicted adolescents' school disengagement through their psychological distress as a mediator. Results showed that 9% of youth experienced at least one police stop, and 66 stops occurred in total over the 35-day study course.

Mothers' and fathers' executive function both predict emergent executive function in toddlerhood.

There are multivariate influences on the development of children's executive function throughout the lifespan and substantial individual differences can be seen as early as when children are 1 and 2 years of age. These individual differences are moderately stable throughout early childhood, but more research is needed to better understand their origins. To some degree, individual differences in executive function are correlated between mother and child, but no research to date has examined these associations prior to when children are preschool age, nor have any studies considered the role of fathers' and mothers' executive function in tandem.

VRfRNet: Volumetric ROI fODF reconstruction network for estimation of multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution with only single shell dMRI.

Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is one of the most popular techniques for studying the brain structure, mainly the white matter region. Among several sampling methods in dMRI, the high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) technique has attracted researchers due to its more accurate fiber orientation estimation. However, the current single-shell HARDI makes the intravoxel structure challenging to estimate accurately.

Numeracy and COVID-19: examining interrelationships between numeracy, health numeracy and behaviour.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, people across the globe have been exposed to large amounts of statistical data. Previous studies have shown that individuals' mathematical understanding of health-related information affects their attitudes and behaviours. Here, we investigate the relation between (i) basic numeracy, (ii) COVID-19 health numeracy, and (iii) COVID-19 health-related attitudes and behaviours.

The intergenerational effects of paternal incarceration on children's social and psychological well-being from early childhood to adolescence.

The present study sought to unravel the psychological processes through which mass incarceration, specifically paternal incarceration, is negatively affecting the next generation of children. Data came from 4,327 families from 20 cities who participated in a 10-year longitudinal study. Parents and children reported on children's rule-breaking behaviors and depressive symptoms when they were on average ages 5 (2003-2006), 9 (2007-2010), and 15 (2014-2017).

Parents' expressed emotions and children's executive functions.

The ways in which people talk about their family members may say as much as the words themselves. For example, emotions expressed by family members of mentally ill patients during unscripted speech samples relate to the risk of relapse and the prognosis of psychiatric disorders; however, the idea of expressed emotions as a construct has previously been limited to parents of children and adolescents aged 4-18 years who suffer from severe emotional or behavior dysregulation. Here, we applied an expressed emotions coding paradigm to speech samples obtained from mothers and fathers of 104 typically developing children when the children were 14 months of age.

Numerical estrangement and integration between symbolic and non-symbolic numerical information: Task-dependence and its link to math abilities in adults.

Most adults have access to two different number systems to represent numerical information: an exact number system, which relies on different forms of number symbols to represent exact numerical information, and an approximate number system, which allows for approximate estimates of numerical quantities. Here we investigate the integration between the symbolic and non-symbolic numerical information (i.e.

Adolescents' views of defunding the police, abolishing the police, and "The Talk".

Introduction: Definitions regarding defunding or abolishing the police are highly contested in the United States. Moreover, adolescents' definitions and how socialization processes shape their definitions are unclear.

Methods: Within a national sample of 822 adolescents ages 13-17 (49.

The role of word knowledge in error detection: a challenge to the broken error monitor account of dyslexia.

Dyslexic children often fail to correct errors while reading aloud, and dyslexic adolescents and adults exhibit lower amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN)-the neural response to errors-than typical readers during silent reading. Past researchers therefore suggested that dyslexia may arise from a faulty error detection mechanism that interferes with orthographic learning and text comprehension. An alternative possibility is that comprehension difficulty in dyslexics is primarily a downstream effect of low-quality lexical representations-that is, poor word knowledge.

Teasing apart the unique contributions of cognitive and affective predictors of math performance.

Math permeates everyday life, and math skills are linked to general educational attainment, income, career choice, likelihood of full-time employment, and health and financial decision making. Thus, researchers have attempted to understand factors predicting math performance in order to identify ways of supporting math development. Work examining individual differences in math performance typically focuses on either cognitive predictors, including inhibitory control and the approximate number system (ANS; a nonsymbolic numerical comparison system), or affective predictors, like math anxiety.

Examining Relations Between Parental Feedback Types and Preschool-Aged Children's Academic Skills.

Prior research has shown associations between parent and teacher feedback and school-aged children's academic outcomes. Specifically, studies have demonstrated that positive feedback (i.e.

A rational explanation for links between the ANS and math.

The proposal by Clarke and Beck offers a new explanation for the association between the approximate number system (ANS) and math. Previous explanations have largely relied on developmental arguments, an underspecified notion of the ANS as an "error detection mechanism," or affective factors. The proposal that the ANS represents rational numbers suggests that it may directly support a broader range of math skills.

Effects of Trained Peer vs. Teacher Feedback on EFL Students' Writing Performance, Self-Efficacy, and Internalization of Motivation.

This study investigated the longer-term impacts (i.e., into the next semester) of trained peer feedback in comparison with teacher feedback on students' writing development and writing motivation.

Cognitive Mechanisms in Pediatric Voice Therapy - An Initial Examination.

Introduction: Voice disorders are a common communication disorder in children. Behavioral voice therapy is recommended by both Otolaryngologists and Speech-Language Pathologists as a first-line approach for treatment of benign vocal fold lesions that affect children in large numbers. However, the role of cognitive mechanisms critical to voice therapy have not yet been explored.

Selecting effectively contributes to the mnemonic benefits of self-generated cues.

Self-generated memory cues support recall of target information more robustly than memory cues generated by others. Across two experiments, we tested whether the benefit of self-generated cues in part reflects a meta-mnemonic effect rather than a pure generation effect. In other words, can learners select better memory cues for themselves than others can? Participants generated as many possible memory cues for each to-be-remembered target as they could and then selected the cue they thought would be most effective.

Promoting brain health through physical activity among adults exposed to early life adversity: Potential mechanisms and theoretical framework.

Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect, and poverty, profoundly alter neurobehavioral development in a manner that negatively impacts health across the lifespan. Adults who have been exposed to such adversities exhibit premature and more severe age-related declines in brain health. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether the negative effects of early life adversity (ELA) on brain health can be remediated through intervention in adulthood.

The roles of suspensions for minor infractions and school climate in predicting academic performance among adolescents.

African American adolescents are grossly overrepresented in rates of school suspensions for minor disciplinary infractions; however, the consequences associated with this disciplinary practice are unknown. African American adolescents who were suspended for minor infractions may perceive school rules and adults as unfair and illegitimate, and these poor perceptions toward school may compromise their social and interpersonal resources necessary for academic success. The present study investigates: (a) whether suspensions for minor infractions predict lower school grades longitudinally, and (b) whether poor school climate perceptions mediate the longitudinal link between suspensions for minor infractions and school grades.