A mystery revealed: an update on eosinophil and other blood cell morphology of the Argentine black and white tegu ().

Reptile white blood cell (WBC) morphological features are strikingly variable across species. In the Argentine black and white tegu (), red tegu (), and Savannah monitor (Var), previous reports described a WBC type with a single distinct, clear, linear- to ovoid- to crescent-shaped inclusion of presumptive monocytic origin. The objective of this study was to further investigate the origin of this unique WBC type with crescent-shaped inclusions.

Pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine administered intravenously and subcutaneously in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of intravenously (IV) and subcutaneously (SC) administered nalbuphine in domestic goats. Nalbuphine hydrochloride was administered at 0.8 mg/kg for both IV and SC routes in six goats with a minimum of 10-day washout period between sample collection phases.

Delayed Union and Nonunion: Current Concepts, Prevention, and Correction: A Review.

Surgical management of fractures has advanced with the incorporation of advanced technology, surgical techniques, and regenerative therapies, but delayed bone healing remains a clinical challenge and the prevalence of long bone nonunion ranges from 10 to 15% of surgically managed fractures. Delayed bone healing arises from a combination of mechanical, biological, and systemic factors acting on the site of tissue remodeling, and careful consideration of each case's injury-related, patient-dependent, surgical, and mechanical risk factors is key to successful bone union. In this review, we describe the biology and biomechanics of delayed bone healing, outline the known risk factors for nonunion development, and introduce modern preventative and corrective therapies targeting fracture nonunion.

Novel Kraft Softwood Lignin-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytocompatibility.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been investigated for biomedical applications in medical imaging due to their fluorescent properties, overall long-term stability, and excellent cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. Lignin is an organic polymer in the tissues of woody plants. It is also considered a byproduct of the wood and pulp industries.

Investigating relationships between the host genome, rumen microbiome, and dairy cow feed efficiency using mediation analysis with structural equation modeling.

The rumen microbiome is crucial for converting feed into absorbable nutrients used for milk synthesis, and the efficiency of this process directly affects the profitability and sustainability of the dairy industry. Recent studies have found that the rumen microbial composition explains part of the variation in feed efficiency traits, including dry matter intake, milk energy, and residual feed intake. The main goal of this study was to reveal relationships between the host genome, the rumen microbiome, and dairy cow feed efficiency using structural equation models.

Review of venipuncture and intravenous catheterization techniques in pigs.

The number of companion pigs in the US is increasing, as is the frequency with which they present to primary companion care practices. However, pigs are often an understudied species in veterinary curricula, and many students graduate from veterinary school with minimal porcine handling experience. Coupled with the poor peripheral vascular access associated with pigs, this presents a challenge for many new graduates and other primary care veterinarians seeking to improve their knowledge of porcine handling, anatomy, and medical care.

Chronic inflammation decreases arcuate kisspeptin expression in male sheep.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria induces an immune response and impairs reproduction through suppression of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), subsequently luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. While there is evidence that acute inflammation inhibits kisspeptin, little is known about the impact of chronic inflammation on this key reproductive neuropeptide in livestock species. Thus, we sought to examine a central mechanism whereby LPS suppresses LH secretion in sheep.

Effect of cyclic loading on the ultimate tensile strength of small metallic suture anchors used for attaching artificial tendons in rabbits.

Background –: Suture anchor failures can lead to revision surgeries which are costly and burdensome for patients. The durability of musculoskeletal reconstructions is therefore partly affected by the design of the suture anchors.

Purpose –: The purpose of the study was to quantify the strength of different suture anchors whose sizes are suitable for attaching artificial Achilles and tibialis cranialis tendons in a rabbit model, as well as determine the effect of cyclic loading on the anchoring strength.

A Case of Severe Abomasal Sand Impaction in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer () in Florida.

The University of Florida's Cervidae Health Research Initiative (CHeRI) conducted a post-mortem examination of a two-year-old white-tailed doe deceased at a northern Florida white-tailed deer farm. The carcass of the deer had notable emaciation and bloating. Upon opening of the carcass, there was pneumonia and the rumen was tympanic and enlarged.

Experimental Intraperitoneal Infection of Piglets.

Streptococcus suis is a swine bacterial pathogen that predominantly causes disease in weaned piglets characterized by swelling of joints, arthritis, septicemia, meningitis, and sudden death. Intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intranasal infection models were developed to study the bacterial pathogenicity and efficacy of vaccines and various therapeutics. The selection of the appropriate infection model is a critical step in any study, as it may impact the outcomes of the study.

In Silico Typing and Identification Confirmation of Isolates.

Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe infections in pigs and humans. Serotyping of S. suis strains is crucial for epidemiological surveillance, outbreak investigations, and understanding the pathogenesis of this bacterium.

Ocular diagnostics, ophthalmic findings, and conjunctival microbiome in the Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis).

Objective: To establish normative data for selected ocular diagnostic tests and commensal conjunctival microflora and describe the incidence of ocular pathology in Chilean flamingos.

Animals Studied: A total of 41 Chilean flamingos were examined at the Blank Park Zoo in Des Moines, Iowa.

Procedures: In 20 flamingos, blink rate was assessed undisturbed in their exhibit, then gentle manual restraint was used to assess palpebral fissure length (PFL), aqueous tear production (phenol red thread test [PRTT] in one eye, endodontic absorbent paper point tear test [EAPPTT] in the other), intraocular pressure (IOP; rebound tonometry), and fluorescein staining.

Integrins play a role in stress relaxation of perivascular adipose tissue.

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is known for being anti-contractile in healthy tissues. We discovered a new function of PVAT, the ability to stress relax and maintain a tone in response to a stretch. This is of note because stress relaxation has been attributed to smooth muscle, of which PVAT has none that is organized in a functional layer.

Identifying the immunoglobulin G transporter in equine tissues: A look at the neonatal Fc receptor.

The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is the receptor responsible for bidirectional transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) across cells, maintenance of IgG levels in serum, and assisting with antigen presentation. Unfortunately, little is known about FcRn in horses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide fundamental information regarding the location of FcRn in equine tissues.

Dietary supplementation of rumen native microbes improves lactation performance and feed efficiency in dairy cows.

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of 2 dietary microbial additives on productive performance and feed efficiency when supplemented to diets of Holstein cows. One hundred seventeen Holstein cows were enrolled at 61 d (31-87 d) postpartum in a randomized complete block design experiment. Cows were blocked by parity group, as nulliparous or multiparous cows and, within parity, by pretreatment ECM yield.

Long-chain fatty acids mediate hepatic metabolic flux in preruminating dairy calves fed flaxseed oil, high oleic soybean oil, or milk fat.

Nutrition and physiological state affect hepatic metabolism. Our objective was to determine whether feeding flaxseed oil (∼50% C18:3n-3 cis), high oleic soybean oil (∼70% C18:1 cis-9), or milk fat (∼50% C16:0) alters hepatic expression of PC, PCK1, and PCK2 and the flow of carbons from propionate and pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in preruminating calves. Male Holstein calves (n = 40) were assigned to a diet of skim milk with either: 3% milk fat (MF; n = 8), 3% flaxseed oil (Flax; n = 8), 3% high oleic soybean oil (HOSO; n = 8), 1.

FIELD TECHNIQUES FOR VASECTOMY IN BLACK HOWLER MONKEYS ().

Three adult black howler monkeys () were vasectomized for the purpose of population control. Two different surgical approaches (inguinal and pelvic) were used to vasectomize the animals under general anesthesia. One monkey was vasectomized with a pelvic approach, and the other two monkeys were vasectomized with an inguinal approach.

USE OF VISCOELASTIC COAGULATION TESTING IN MEGACHIROPTERA ( AND ) REVEALS HIGH VARIABILITY IN CLOT KINETICS.

Megachiroptera is a mammalian suborder that includes old world fruit bats. Common clinical problems among captive Megachiroptera, such as liver disease (e.g.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenously and subcutaneously administered pantoprazole in sheep (Ovis aries).

Abomasal ulcers are recognized in sheep of all ages, but research regarding therapeutic interventions is limited. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) such as pantoprazole, are clinically used with a paucity of evidence regarding efficacy in mature sheep. Intravenous and subcutaneously administered pantoprazole dosed at 1.

Identification of genetic markers of resistance to macrolide class antibiotics in isolates from a Saskatchewan feedlot.

is a major contributor to bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which causes substantial economic losses to the beef industry, and there is an urgent need for rapid and accurate diagnostic tests to provide evidence for treatment decisions and support antimicrobial stewardship. Diagnostic sequencing can provide information about antimicrobial resistance genes in more rapidly than conventional diagnostics. Realizing the full potential of diagnostic sequencing requires a comprehensive understanding of the genetic markers of antimicrobial resistance.

Efficacy of virtual surgical planning and a three-dimensional-printed, patient-specific reduction system to facilitate alignment of diaphyseal tibial fractures stabilized by minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in dogs: A prospective clinical study.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed, patient-specific reduction system for aligning diaphyseal tibial fractures stabilized using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO).

Study Design: Prospective clinical trial.

Sample Population: Fifteen client owned dogs.

Enhancing prosthesis stability at the cricoid cartilage in equine laryngoplasty using 3-D-printed laryngeal clamps: An ex vivo model study.

Objective: To assess a three-dimensional (3-D)-printed laryngeal clamp (LC) designed to enhance the anchoring of laryngeal prostheses at the cricoid cartilage.

Study Design: Ex vivo biomechanical study.

Sample Population: A total of 22 equine larynges.

What question are we trying to answer? Embracing causal inference.

This study summarizes a presentation at the symposium for the Calvin Schwabe Award for Lifetime Achievement in Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, which was awarded to the first author. As epidemiologists, we are taught that "correlation does not imply causation." While true, identifying causes is a key objective for much of the research that we conduct.

Trace mineral concentrations in Canadian beef calves at weaning.

Objective: To describe the copper and selenium statuses of beef calves at weaning.

Animal: Calves ( = 1998) were sampled from 106 Canadian cow-calf herds in the fall of 2021.

Procedure: Serum samples from calves were tested for copper, selenium, and molybdenum concentrations.