The international empirics of management.

A country's national income broadly depends on the quantity and quality of workers and capital. But how well these factors are managed within and between firms may be a key determinant of a country's productivity and its GDP. Although social scientists have long studied the role of management practices in shaping business performance, their primary tool has been individual case studies.

Effects of nurse visit copayment on primary care use: Do low-income households pay the price?

Nurses are increasingly providing primary care, yet the literature on cost-sharing has paid little attention to nurse visits. We employ a staggered difference-in-differences design to examine the effects of adopting a 10-euro copayment for nurse visits on the use of public primary care among Finnish adults. We find that the copayment reduced nurse visits by 9%-10% during a one-year follow-up.

Effect of weight on depression using multiple genetic instruments.

A striking global health development over the past few decades has been the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. At the same time, depression has become increasingly common in almost all high-income countries. We investigated whether body weight, measured by body mass index (BMI), has a causal effect on depression symptoms in Finland.

Labour market trajectories after part-time sickness absence: a nationwide cohort study from Finland.

Objectives: The use of part-time sickness absence (pSA) enables return to part-time work from full sickness absence. However, subsequent labour market outcomes of pSA users depend on various individual and work-related characteristics. We investigated labour market paths of private and public sector employees after having a pSA spell.

Genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in sustainable working life-A Swedish twin cohort study.

Although genetics is known to have a role in sickness absences (SA), disability pensions (DP) and in their mutual associations, the empirical knowledge is scarce on not having these interruptions, i.e., sustainable working life.

Early parental death and its association with children's mental and economic well-being in adulthood: a nationwide population-based register study.

Background: This study examined the association between early parental death and children's subsequent mental health, years of schooling, and labour-market outcomes (ie, employment and earnings) in adulthood.

Methods: We used nationwide register-based data for Finnish citizens born between 1971 and 1986 (n=962 350). Logistic and linear regression models were used to examine the association of early parental death before the age of 21 years with subsequent mental health and labour-market outcomes in adulthood at ages 26-30.

The contribution of morbidity and unemployment for the reduced labor market participation of individuals with neurofibromatosis 1 in Finland.

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a multisystem disorder associated with, for example, a high risk for cancer, a variety of behavioral and cognitive deficits, low educational attainment and decreased income. We now examined the labor market participation of individuals with NF1. We analyzed the numbers of days of work, unemployment, and sickness allowance among 742 Finnish individuals with NF1 aged 20-59 years using nationwide register data from Statistics Finland and the Social Insurance Institution of Finland.

The effects of COVID-19-era unemployment and business closures upon the physical and mental health of older Europeans: Mediation through financial circumstances and social activity.

COVID-19-era lockdown policies resulted in many older persons entering unemployment, facing financial difficulties and social restrictions, and experiencing declining health. Employing the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe's first COVID-19 module (summer 2020) (N = 11,231) and the Karlson-Holm-Breen method for decomposition of effects within non-linear probability models (logistic regression modelling), we examined associations of pandemic-era lost work with older Europeans' (50-80 years of age) self-assessed health, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms, and mediation through households' difficulties making ends meet, loneliness, and curtailed face-to-face contact with non-relatives. We find that lost work was associated with detriments in all three health outcomes.

Family-Related Life Events as Predictors of Labor Market Marginalization Trajectories: A Cohort Study of Swedish Twins.

Objectives: The aims of the study are to investigate trajectories of labor market marginalization (LMM) and to examine the associations between family-related life events and LMM trajectories while accounting for familial factors.

Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 37,867 Swedish twins. Data were analyzed by group-based trajectory modeling.

School achievement in adolescence and the risk of mental disorders in early adulthood: a Finnish nationwide register study.

School grades in adolescence have been linked to later psychiatric outcomes, but large-scale nationwide studies across the spectrum of mental disorders are scarce. In the present study, we examined the risk of a wide array of mental disorders in adulthood, as well as the risk of comorbidity, associated with school achievement in adolescence. We used population-based cohort data comprising all individuals born in Finland over the period 1980-2000 (N = 1,070,880) who were followed from age 15 or 16 until a diagnosis of mental disorder, emigration, death, or December 2017, whichever came first.

Socioeconomic position at the age of 30 and the later risk of a mental disorder: a nationwide population-based register study.

Background: A study was undertaken to examine the association between multiple indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) at the age of 30 and the subsequent risk of the most common mental disorders.

Methods: All persons born in Finland between 1966 and 1986 who were alive and living in Finland at the end of the year when they turned 30 were included. Educational attainment, employment status and personal total income were used as the alternative measures of SEP.

Sustainable Working Life Patterns in a Swedish Twin Cohort: Age-Related Sequences of Sickness Absence, Disability Pension, Unemployment, and Premature Death during Working Life.

We aimed to investigate sustainable working life via age-related sequences of sickness absence (SA), disability pension (DP), unemployment (UE), premature death, and the influence of individual characteristics, accounting for familial confounding. The sample included monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) same-sexed twin pairs with register data ( = 47,450) that were followed for 10 years in four age cohorts: 26-35 ( = 9892), 36-45 ( = 10,620), 46-55 ( = 12,964) and 56-65 ( = 13,974). A sequence analysis was done in a 7-element state space: 1.

Schizophrenia polygenic risk score and long-term success in the labour market: A cohort study.

Employment is rare among people with a schizophrenia diagnosis. Meanwhile, a genetic liability for schizophrenia may hinder labour market performance. We studied how the polygenic risk score (PGS) for schizophrenia related to education and labour market outcomes.

Did the Finnish depression of the early 1990s have a silver lining? The effect of unemployment on long-term physical activity.

This paper studies the impact of long-term unemployment on physical activity. We examined the effects 6 and 15 years following a severe business cycle downturn in Finland over the period 1991-1994. The study sample comprised residents of Northern Finland.

Does better education mitigate risky health behavior? A mendelian randomization study.

Education and risky health behaviors are strongly negatively correlated. Education may affect health behaviors by enabling healthier choices through higher disposable income, increasing information about the harmful effects of risky health behaviors, or altering time preferences. Alternatively, the observed negative correlation may stem from reverse causality or unobserved confounders.

Effects of rehabilitative psychotherapy on labour market success: Evaluation of a nationwide programme.

Aims: Psychotherapy is a widely used treatment for mental disorders, but whether it also improves employment and other labour market outcomes remains inconclusive. This study examined the effectiveness of a nationwide subsidized psychotherapy programme using extensive register-based data.

Methods: The sample consisted of individuals who applied for rehabilitative psychotherapy in Finland in 2009-2012 ( = 35,083).

The rare disease neurofibromatosis 1 as a source of hereditary economic inequality: Evidence from Finland.

Purpose: This study investigated whether individuals with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) fare worse than individuals without NF1 in terms of economic well-being. NF1 is relatively common in the population and provides an informative case of a rare hereditary disease.

Methods: We examined a subset of 692 individuals with verified NF1 from the Finnish total population-based NF1 cohort and compared that with 7407 control individuals matched for age, sex, and municipality during 1997-2014.

Birth weight, adult weight, and cardiovascular biomarkers: Evidence from the Cardiovascular Young Finns Study.

This study quantifies the causal effect of birth weight on cardiovascular biomarkers in adulthood using the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS). We apply a multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) method that provides a novel approach to improve inference in causal analysis based on a mediation framework. The results show that birth weight is linked to triglyceride levels (β = -0.

Prescription opioid use and employment: A nationwide Finnish register study.

Background: The secular decline in labor market participation and the concurrent increase in opioid use in many developed countries have sparked a policy debate on the possible connection between these two trends. We examined whether the use of prescription opioids was connected to labor market outcomes relating to participation, employment and unemployment among the Finnish population.

Methods: The working-age population (aged 19-64 years) living in Finland during the period 1995-2016 was used in the analyses (consisting of 67 903 701 person-year observations).

Body weight and premature retirement: population-based evidence from Finland.

Background: Health status is a principal determinant of labour market participation. In this study, we examined whether excess weight is associated with withdrawal from the labour market owing to premature retirement.

Methods: The analyses were based on nationally representative data from Finland over the period 2001-15 (N ∼ 2500).

Birth weight and adult income: An examination of mediation through adult height and body mass.

This paper examines the causal links between early human endowments and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. We use a genotyped longitudinal survey (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study) that is linked to the administrative registers of Statistics Finland. We focus on the effect of birth weight on income via two anthropometric mediators: body mass index (BMI) and height in adulthood.

Sustainable Working Life in a Swedish Twin Cohort-A Definition Paper with Sample Overview.

: A unified or consensus definition of "sustainable working life" remains lacking, although studies investigating risk factors for labour market exit are numerous. In this study, we aimed (1) to update the information and to explore a definition of "sustainable working life" via a systematic literature review and (2) to describe the working life trajectories via the prevalence of sickness absence (SA), disability pension (DP), and unemployment in a Swedish twin cohort to provide a sample overview in our Sustainable Working Life-project. : A systematic literature review was conducted to explore the studies with the search phrase "sustainable working life" in PubMed, PsycInfo, and the Web of Science Database of Social Sciences in January 2021, resulting in a total of 51 references.

A rare disease and education: Neurofibromatosis type 1 decreases educational attainment.

Rare heritable syndromes may affect educational attainment. Here, we study education in neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) that is associated with multifaceted medical, social and cognitive consequences. Educational attainment in the Finnish population-based cohort of 1408 individuals with verified NF1 was compared with matched controls using Cox proportional hazards model with delayed entry and competing risk for death.

Employment and earnings trajectories before and after sickness absence due to major depressive disorder: a nationwide case-control study.

Objectives: To examine employment and earnings trajectories before and after the first sickness absence period due to major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods: All individuals (n=158 813) in Finland who had a first sickness absence period (lasting longer than 9 days) due to MDD between 2005 and 2015 were matched with one randomly selected individual of the same age and gender with no history of MDD. Employment status and earnings were measured using register-based data annually from 2005 to 2015.

Determinants of prescription opioid use: population-based evidence from Finland.

Background And Aims: Previous studies have shown that prescription opioid use is more common in socio-economically disadvantaged communities in the United States. This study examined the area and individual-level determinants of prescription opioid use in Finland during the period 1995-2016.

Design: Logistic regression analysis using nation-wide data on filled opioid-related prescriptions dispensed at Finnish pharmacies and covered by National Health Insurance.