ON THE EFFECT OF COCAINE UPON SODIUM-DEFICIENT FROG NERVE.

Cocaine diffuses through the epineurium with remarkable rapidity. The coefficient of diffusion of cocaine in the epineurium cannot be less than 0.44 x 10(-4) cm.

THE EFFECT OF TUBERCLE BACILLI ON THE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES OF NORMAL ANIMALS.

A description is given of a slide cell whereby the rate of migration of very small amounts of leucocytes can be followed and measured. The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was found to be inhibited by virulent tubercle bacilli pathogenic for the class of animal (mammal or bird) from which the leucocytes were obtained; it was not affected by the avirulent variants of these microorganisms, or by bacilli pathogenic for animals of the other class. Tests failed to disclose that the inhibition of leucocytic migration resulted from any gross damage caused by the bacilli to the leucocytes.

THE ABNORMAL COURSE OF BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE PRESENCE OF PENICILLIN.

Washed staphylococcal cells separated from peptone-broth cultures containing penicillin G did not differ markedly from cells not exposed to penicillin in their rate of oxygen, phosphate, glutamic acid, or amino nitrogen utilization. Washed normal staphyloccal cells, respiring in solutions containing glucose and various mixtures of amino acids, utilized the amino acids with an increase in the cellular protein nitrogen. Similar cells under the same conditions, but exposed to penicillin G, utilized oxygen, phosphate, and amino acids at essentially the same rates, but there was no increase in the protein nitrogen of the cells.

THE EFFECT OF INJURY BY TOXIC AGENTS UPON OSMOTIC PRESSURE MAINTAINED BY CELLS OF LIVER AND OF KIDNEY.

As shown in a previous paper the cells of the liver and of the kidney maintain an osmotic pressure approximately twice that of blood and of erythrocytes, exceeding this slightly in the case of liver and being slightly less in that of kidney. When liver cells are injured by chloroform or by carbon tetrachloride the osmotic pressure they maintain falls to the level of the medium that surrounds them but is promptly restored when recovery from the injury, with some regeneration of liver cells, occurs. When nephrosis is caused by potassium chromate or by chloroform the osmotic pressure maintained by parenchymatous cells of the renal cortex falls to that of the medium about them but returns to its normal level with recovery from the injury.

PRODUCTION OF BCG VACCINE IN A LIQUID MEDIUM CONTAINING TWEEN 80 AND A SOLUBLE FRACTION OF HEATED HUMAN SERUM : II. ANTIGENICITY OF THE CULTURE AFTER VARIOUS PERIODS OF STORAGE.

Groups of guinea pigs were vaccinated by the intracutaneous route with cultures of BCG grown in a liquid medium containing Tween 80 and the soluble fraction of heated human serum. After the cultures had been stored at 4 degrees C. for various periods of time, the antigenic response was compared with that of another group of guinea pigs receiving standard BCG vaccine prepared by the conventional technique.

PRODUCTION OF BCG VACCINE IN A LIQUID MEDIUM CONTAINING TWEEN 80 AND A SOLUBLE FRACTION OF HEATED HUMAN SERUM : I. PRODUCTION AND VIABILITY OF THE CULTURE.

Diffuse, submerged growth of BCG bacilli has been obtained in liquid media containing 0.02 per cent Tween 80 and the soluble fraction of human serum heated under acid conditions (pH 2.5) at 65 degrees C.

STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS : X. ANTIBODIES INDUCING IMMEDIATE-TYPE SKIN REACTIONS.

Evidence is presented to show that guinea pigs actively sensitized to simple chemical compounds form serum antibodies capable of sensitizing the skin of normal guinea pigs. Skin sites prepared as for the Prausnitz-Küstner test develop immediate-type ("evanescent") reactions with erythema and edema, upon subsequent injection of the corresponding simple compounds or protein conjugates thereof, and give effects resembling transferred reaginic reactions as seen in human beings. The antibodies were obtainable after sensitization by acyl chlorides, acid anhydrides, and also substances of lesser reactivity, picryl chloride and 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene, which are human allergens.

THE RELATIVE PRESSURES WITHIN CUTANEOUS LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AND THE TISSUES.

The pressure in the cutaneous lymphatic capillaries of normal mice anesthetized with nembutal ranged between 0.0 and 2.7 cm.

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CLOTS FORMED FROM PURIFIED BOVINE FIBRINOGEN AND THROMBIN: A STUDY WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.

1. A technique has been described for the preparation of clots from purified fibrinogen and thrombin of bovine origin which are suitable for study with the electron microscope. Experiments have been carried out to compare the fine structure of clots prepared at various values of pH.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED CHROMOSOMES.

By means of 1 M NaCl isolated lymphocyte chromosomes can be separated into two fractions, each of which contains nucleoprotein. The fraction soluble in M NaCl consists largely of desoxyribose nucleohistone, and constitutes 90 to 92 per cent of the mass of the chromosome. The insoluble residue (the residual chromosome is a coiled thread containing some 12 to 14 per cent of ribose nucleic and about one-fifth as much desoxyribose nucleic acid; the residual chromosome accounts for 8 to 10 per cent of the mass of the chromosome.

IDENTIFICATION OF MONO-IODOTYROSINE FROM IODINATED PEPSIN.

Isolation of mono-iodotyrosine from slightly iodinated pepsin has been repeated and the properties of the product compared with those of synthetic dl-3-iodotyrosine. Ultraviolet absorption spectra, pK values of the phenol group, solubility measurements, and partition coefficients were so nearly identical for the two materials that there is now no reason to doubt that the product from pepsin is 3-iodotyrosine.

THE BINDING OF FATTY ACIDS BY SERUM ALBUMIN, A PROTECTIVE GROWTH FACTOR IN BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA.

Serum albumin is a protective bacterial growth factor; by binding traces of fatty acid in the media it permits initiation of growth by the smallest possible inocula of tubercle bacilli. Each molecule of albumin binds 3 to 6 molecules of oleic acid (1 to 2 per cent of the weight of the albumin) tightly enough to prevent bacteriostasis, and 9 molecules of oleic acid in equilibrium with a saturated neutral solution. The property requires undenatured albumin.

THE ENHANCING EFFECT OF CONCURRENT INFECTION WITH PNEUMOTROPIC VIRUSES ON PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN MICE.

The course of pulmonary tuberculosis in the mouse appears to be accelerated as a result of concurrent infection of the lung with either of two pneumotropic viruses. This effect is obtained with virus inocula sufficiently small as to induce little or no definite viral pneumonia.

VIRULENCE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI.

Experimental infection of the mouse can be used for the determination of virulence of cultures of mammalian tubercle bacilli. The relative virulence of such cultures for the mouse is approximately the same as for the guinea pig. Cultures of virulent and avirulent variants of mammalian tubercle bacilli grown in the depth of Tween 80-albumin liquid medium, on the surface of solid agar modifications of this medium, and on the surface of a liquid modification of this medium exhibit consistent morphological differences.

INFECTION OF MICE WITH MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI GROWN IN TWEEN-ALBUMIN LIQUID MEDIUM.

Introduction of the bacilli by the mtravenous route or by feeding gives rise to a disease predominantly localized in the lungs. Following intracerebral infection, the bacilli first multiply rapidly in the brain tissue, and then invade other organs, producing lesions especially in the lungs. Injection of the bacilli by the intraperitoneal route is less effective than by either the intravenous or intracerebral routes; however, admixture of the bacilli with some of the components of egg yolk increases both the infectivity and the pulmonary localization.

DETECTION OF MUSTARD GAS (H), LEWISITE (L), ETHYLDICHLORARSINE (ED), AND PHENYLDICHLORARSINE (PD) WITH TRAINED DOGS OR RATS.

Dogs and rats may be trained to detect very low concentrations of mustard gas (0.1 gamma per liter of air) by shocking the animals with an induction coil when they touch meat which has been exposed to the gas. Animals trained in this way will refuse meat which is contaminated with the gas.

THE SULFONIUM SALT OF MUSTARD GAS: BIS-beta-[BIS(beta-HYDROXYETHYL) SULFONIUM] ETHYLSULFIDE DICHLORIDE (H.2TDG).

1. The sulfonium salt H.2TDG is formed when H is mixed with even dilute solutions of TDG.

SOLUBILITY OF MUSTARD GAS [BIS (beta-CHLOROETHYL) SULFIDE] IN WATER, MOLAR SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND IN SOLUTIONS OF DETERGENTS.

1. The solubility of mustard (H) in water and in molar sodium chloride was found to be 5.8 x 10(-3) molar and 3.

INHIBITION BY CERTAIN POLYSACCHARIDES OF HEMAGGLUTINATION AND OF MULTIPLICATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS.

The complex carbohydrates apple pectin, citrus pectin, flaxseed mucilage, blood group A substance, gum acacia, and gum myrrh as well as an extract of RBC, when examined in a pattern test, were shown to inhibit the agglutination of chicken RBC by influenza A virus. A number of other simple and complex carbohydrates showed no inhibitory effect. The hemagglutination-inhibiting action of apple pectin was examined in some detail and evidence was adduced to show that it affected both virus and red cell.

CYTOCHONDRIA OF NORMAL CELLS, OF TUMOR CELLS, AND OF CELLS WITH VARIOUS INJURIES.

Bodies that may be designated cytochondria occupy the greater part of the cytoplasm of the normal and tumor cells that have been studied. They are characterized (a) by their behavior as discrete particles with surface properties that cause osmotic changes in the presence of water; (b) by reactions to stains which show that they have a rim surrounding a clearer (lipoid) center; (c) by their varying, relation to the basophile substance (ribonucleic acid) of the cytoplasm. Mitochondria which have characteristic reactions to stains promptly lose their distinctive reactions in the presence of solvents or as the result of pathological changes, becoming apparently indistinguishable from other cytochondria.

SOME ASPECTS OF SECRETION : I. SECRETION OF WATER.

If we increase the osmotic pressure at one end of a Nitella cell by applying a solution of sucrose and if we subsequently submerge the entire cell in water we find that water enters at the end where the osmotic pressure is higher and comes out of the cell at the other end. If similar inequalities of osmotic pressure should arise as the result of metabolism we can understand how a secreting cell might take up water at one spot on its surface and expel it in another spot and thus bring about the secretion of water. The Nitella cell can expel water from a region of the cell which is in contact with water, air, or mineral oil.