Educational stereoscopic representation of a step-by-step brain white fiber dissection according to Klingler's method.

Background: Understanding and teaching the three-dimensional architecture of the brain remains difficult because of the intricate arrangement of grey nuclei within white matter tracts. Although cortical area functions have been well studied, educational and three-dimensional descriptions of the organization of deep nuclei and white matter tracts are still missing.

Objective: We propose herein a detailed step-by-step dissection of the lateral aspect of a left hemisphere using the Klingler method and provide high-quality stereoscopic views with the aim to help teach medical students or surgeons the three-dimensional anatomy of the brain.

Aquaporin 4 distribution in the brain and its relevance for the radiological appearance of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease.

Background And Purpose: To determine the precise incidence of lesions at sites of high Aquaporin-4 expression (hAQP4) and their possible association with known neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD) lesions patterns.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective analysis of brain and, when available, spinal cord MRI scans of 54 NMOSD patients recruited among the French NMOSD cohort was performed. Brain lesions were annotated as MS-like, non-specific, or evocative of NMOSD.

A new MRI marker of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia.

Purpose: Evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of disappearance of susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) dentate nuclei (DN) hypointensity in oculomotor apraxia patients (AOA).

Method: In this prospective study, 27 patients with autosomal genetic ataxia (AOA (n = 11), Friedreich ataxia and ataxia with vitamin E deficit (n = 4), and dominant genetic ataxia (n = 12)) were included along with fifteen healthy controls. MRIs were qualitatively classified for the presence or absence of DN hypointensity on FLAIR and SWI sequences.

Main inherited neurodegenerative cerebellar ataxias, how to recognize them using magnetic resonance imaging?

Ataxia is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from brainstem, cerebellar, and/or spinocerebellar tracts impairments. Symptoms onset could vary widely from childhood to late-adulthood. Autosomal cerebellar ataxias are considered as one of the most complex group in neurogenetics.

Reconsidering olfactory bulb magnetic resonance patterns in Kallmann syndrome.

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to perform magnetic resonance imaging assessment of olfactory pathway and skull base abnormalities in Kallmann syndrome (KS) patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and olfaction disorder.

Methods: Magnetic resonance brain patterns were retrospectively studied in 19 patients clinically classified as KS. Qualitative assessment of olfactory bulb region comprised bulb atrophy and rectus and medial orbital gyrus ptosis; quantitative assessment measured olfactory fossa depth and width, sulcus depth and ethmoid angle.

Quantitative analysis of midface fat compartments mass with ageing and body mass index, anatomical study.

Introduction: Volume restoration is not a new concept in facial rejuvenation. The deep fat compartments would appear to be more greatly subjected to age-related volumetric deflation. However, this view lacks scientific evidence.

mTOR inactivation in myocardium from infant mice rapidly leads to dilated cardiomyopathy due to translation defects and p53/JNK-mediated apoptosis.

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cell growth, proliferation, survival and metabolism, as part of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. While partial inhibition of mTORC1 using rapamycin was shown to be cardioprotective, genetic studies in mouse models revealed that mTOR is essential for embryonic heart development and cardiac function in adults. However, the physiological role of mTOR during postnatal cardiac maturation is not fully elucidated.

Urinary PCA3 to predict prostate cancer in a cohort of 1015 patients.

Aim: To evaluate the performance of urinary PCA3 test to predict prostate biopsy outcome in a large French cohort.

Patients And Methods: A urine sample was prospectively obtained in 1015 patients undergoing prostate biopsies to determine the PCA3 score. The predictive value of PCA3 was explored using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (ROC), multivariable logistic regression analysis and decision curve analysis.

Hydrocephalus due to extreme dilation of Virchow-Robin spaces.

Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) are extensions of the subarachnoid space surrounding perforating blood vessels entering the brain parenchyma. VRS are fluid filled, but almost virtual and only visible on MRI of the brain when dilated. Such dilations are commonly asymptomatic.

Vascular injuries during closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy: A cadaveric angiographic study.

Introduction: Closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy is a surgical option for patients with isolated medial compartment osteoarthritis and varus knee alignment. Vascular complications are rare, but incriminate the use of oscillating saw or osteotome. It is important to know the steps of this surgery that involve risk of vascular injury and what to do to decrease that risk.

Clinical epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed Buruli ulcer in Benin: a cohort study.

Background: Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, was identified as a neglected emerging infectious disease by WHO in 1998. Although Buruli ulcer is the third most common mycobacterial disease worldwide, understanding of the disease is incomplete. We analysed a large cohort of laboratory-confirmed cases of Buruli ulcer from Pobè, Benin, to provide a comprehensive description of the clinical presentation of the disease, its variation with age and sex, and its effect on the occurrence of permanent functional sequelae.

Management of respiratory motion in extracorporeal high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment in upper abdominal organs: current status and perspectives.

Extracorporeal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a minimally invasive therapy considered with increased interest for the ablation of small tumors in deeply located organs while sparing surrounding critical tissues. A multitude of preclinical and clinical studies have showed the feasibility of the method; however, concurrently they showed several obstacles, among which the management of respiratory motion of abdominal organs is at the forefront. The aim of this review is to describe the different methods that have been proposed for managing respiratory motion and to identify their advantages and weaknesses.

Let live or let die after traumatic coma: Scrutinizing somatosensory evoked potentials.

It is now firmly established that bilateral abolition of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) after a nontraumatic coma has 100% specificity for nonawakening. In traumatic coma, a bilateral absence of the N20 components of SEPs does not implicate nonawareness. Comatose brain-injured patients should be systematically explored with auditory evoked potentials to check the functional integrity of another sensory pathway and the mesencephalic tegmento-tectal region on cerebral MRI should be carefully examined.

[Medicinal plants and symbols in the medieval mystic altarpiece].

The medieval mystic altarpiece towers above the altar table. It is linked to the evocation of a religious mystery beyond our faculty of reasoning. Symbolism of an enclosed garden evokes the image of the Heavenly Garden isolated by a wall from the rest of earthly world.

[The unicorn and the unicorn horn among apothecaries and physicians].

In the 4th century A.D. the first unicorn was shown as a little horse with a twisted horn and was completely different from the Oriental one described by Marco Polo.

Degeneration of the Arnold's prefrontopontocerebellar tract in a case of locked-in syndrome over a 23-year period.

A 52-year-old woman has been under observation for a complete locked-in syndrome of vascular origin, since 1984. Her cognitive functions today are still normal. When first diagnosed, a CT-scan was made and 23 years later performed, a cerebral MRI was performed.

[The surgeon René Guillet (1913-2002).His actions in the hilly regions of France in Aian and Haut-Jura in 1944].

In 1943, René Guillet, a young surgeon in the Department of Professor Mallet-Guy, took part in the Resistance as he helped the wounded men in the hospital of Edouard Herriot. René Guillet joined the French Army of the Resistance on June 6, 1944. Then, in July 1944, he took care of the wounded men in the hospital of Oyonnax with doctor Parker, an English surgeon in the French hospital in London.

[Welcome by the Academy of sciences, letters and arts of Lyon (with Guy de Clauliac, 1300-1368 Jules Guiart, 1870-1945)].

Jules Guiart was born in Château-Thierry in 1870. He took over from Louis Lortet at the chair of Parasitology and Natural History in Lyons while Jules Courmont took over at the chair of Medicine and Bacteriology in 1906. Guiart taught History of Medicine in Lyons and in Romania.

[François de Lapeyronie, from Montpellier (1678-1747). "Surgery restorer" and universal spirit. The soul, Musc, rooster eggs].

François de Lapeyronie was a master in surgery in 1695 in Paris then in 1717 and rewarded with the rank of Medical Doctor of the University of Reims. The authors try to underline his intelligence and his broadmindedness through three publications about the centre of the soul in the corpus callosum, the anatomical dissection of a kind of stone marten and the scientific research of the so called 'egg of cock'.

Inter-observer agreement in the identification of the two bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament using magnetic resonance imaging.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging has become the method of choice to diagnose meniscal and ligament lesions of the knee. New approaches to the surgical treatment of partial anterior cruciate ligament tears led us to try to distinguish the two bundles of that ligament with MRI and to evaluate inter-observer agreement in different viewing planes.

Methods: Images of 50 right and 50 left ligament-intact knees were examined in the coronal and axial viewing planes.

[The disfigured men represented by the great painters (O. Dix - G. Grosz - R. Freida.) Disfiguration in the history of art].

Sophie Delaporte's book, Philippe Paillard's, Chantal Roussels's novels and Dupeyron's movie underline the difficulties of repairing physical and moral sufferings of the "disfigured men" wounded during the Great War. Beside medical and technical didactic aimed drawings the exhibition of wasted, mutilated or out of repair faces remains little known. In France, Germany or Great Britain there are many artists who took part in war.

Trichloroethylene exposure and somatic mutations of the VHL gene in patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Background: We investigated the association between exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) and mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene and the subsequent risk for renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Methods: Cases were recruited from a case-control study previously carried out in France that suggested an association between exposures to high levels of TCE and increased risk of RCC. From 87 cases of RCC recruited for the epidemiological study, 69 were included in the present study.

[Military surgeon Henry Gabrielle (September 1887 - April 1968)].

As a military surgeon Henry Gabrielle had a heroic behaviour during the World War I. He was appointed professor of surgery at the hospital Val-de-Grâce in 1919 and in 1926 he became professor of anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine in Lyon. His action in the French Resistance was so significant that he was appointed Health Director of the Region Rhône Alpes.