Acute neuroinflammation promotes a metabolic shift that alters extracellular vesicle cargo in the mouse brain cortex.

Neuroinflammation is initiated through microglial activation and cytokine release which can be induced through lipopolysaccharide treatment (LPS) leading to a transcriptional cascade culminating in the differential expression of target proteins. These differentially expressed proteins can then be packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs), a form of cellular communication, further propagating the neuroinflammatory response over long distances. Despite this, the EV proteome in the brain, following LPS treatment, has not been investigated.

Scalable purification of extracellular vesicles with high yield and purity using multimodal flowthrough chromatography.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell derived membranous nanoparticles. EVs are important mediators of cell-cell communication via the transfer of bioactive content and as such they are being investigated for disease diagnostics as biomarkers and for potential therapeutic cargo delivery to recipient cells. However, existing methods for isolating EVs from biological samples suffer from challenges related to co-isolation of unwanted materials such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipoproteins.

Cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles: Considerations for reporting cell culturing parameters.

Cell culture-conditioned medium (CCM) is a valuable source of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for basic scientific, therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Cell culturing parameters affect the biochemical composition, release and possibly the function of CCM-derived EVs (CCM-EV). The CCM-EV task force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles aims to identify relevant cell culturing parameters, describe their effects based on current knowledge, recommend reporting parameters and identify outstanding questions.

High resolution imaging and analysis of extracellular vesicles using mass spectral imaging and machine learning.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potentially useful biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring. Development of a label-free technique for imaging and distinguishing small volumes of EVs from different cell types and cell states would be of great value. Here, we have designed a method to explore the chemical changes in EVs associated with neuroinflammation using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and machine learning (ML).

Fighting flu: novel CD8 T-cell targets are required for future influenza vaccines.

Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually. Although there are many licenced influenza vaccines, there are billions of cases of influenza infection every year, resulting in the death of over half a million individuals. Furthermore, these figures can rise in the event of a pandemic, as seen throughout history, like the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic (50 million deaths) and the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic (~4 million deaths).

Embracing the era of antimicrobial peptides with marine organisms.

Covering: 2018 to Jun of 2023The efficiency of traditional antibiotics has been undermined by the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms, necessitating the pursuit of innovative therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are part of host defence peptides found ubiquitously in nature, exhibiting a wide range of activity towards bacteria, fungi, and viruses, offer a highly promising candidate solution. The efficacy of AMPs can frequently be augmented alterations to their amino acid sequences or structural adjustments.

Platelet membrane camouflaged AIEgen-mediated photodynamic therapy improves the effectiveness of anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in large-burden tumors.

Although immunotherapy has achieved recent clinical success in antitumor therapy, it is less effective for solid tumors with large burdens. To overcome this challenge, herein, we report a new strategy based on platelet membrane-camouflaged aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen (Plt-M@P) combined with the anti-programmed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) for tumoral photodynamic-immunotherapy. Plt-M@P is prepared by using poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/PF3-PPh complex as a nanocore, and then by co-extrusion with platelet membranes.

Teladorsagia Circumcincta Galectin-Mucosal Interactome in Sheep.

is the most important gastrointestinal parasite in the livestock industry in temperate regions around the world, causing great economic losses. The infective third-stage larvae (L3) of secrete a large number of excretory-secretory (E/S) molecules, some of which are likely to play critical roles in modulating the host immune response. One of the most abundant E/S molecules is a protein termed Tci-gal-1, which has similarity to mammalian galectins.

Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.

Urine is commonly used for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EV) in urine opened a new fast-growing scientific field. In the last decade urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were shown to mirror molecular processes as well as physiological and pathological conditions in kidney, urothelial and prostate tissue.

Antivirulence DsbA inhibitors attenuate serovar Typhimurium fitness without detectable resistance.

Inhibition of the DiSulfide Bond (DSB) oxidative protein folding machinery, a major facilitator of virulence in Gram-negative bacteria, represents a promising antivirulence strategy. We previously developed small molecule inhibitors of DsbA from K-12 (EcDsbA) and showed that they attenuate virulence of Gram-negative pathogens by directly inhibiting multiple diverse DsbA homologues. Here we tested the evolutionary robustness of DsbA inhibitors as antivirulence antimicrobials against serovar Typhimurium under pathophysiological conditions in vitro.

membrane vesicles contain immunostimulatory DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan that activate innate immune receptors and induce autophagy.

Gram-positive bacteria ubiquitously produce membrane vesicles (MVs), and although they contribute to biological functions, our knowledge regarding their composition and immunogenicity remains limited. Here we examine the morphology, contents and immunostimulatory functions of MVs produced by three strains; a methicillin resistant clinical isolate, a methicillin sensitive clinical isolate and a laboratory-adapted strain. We observed differences in the number and morphology of MVs produced by each strain and showed that they contain microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) including protein, nucleic acids and peptidoglycan.

Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles reveals an immunogenic cargo in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid.

Objectives: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid (SF) have been reported to stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from recipient cells. We recently developed a size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based method for EV isolation capable of high-quality enrichments from human SF. Here, we employed this method to accurately characterise the SF EV proteome and investigate potential contributions to inflammatory pathways in RA.

Immune Modulation by Design: Using Topography to Control Human Monocyte Attachment and Macrophage Differentiation.

Macrophages play a central role in orchestrating immune responses to foreign materials, which are often responsible for the failure of implanted medical devices. Material topography is known to influence macrophage attachment and phenotype, providing opportunities for the rational design of "immune-instructive" topographies to modulate macrophage function and thus foreign body responses to biomaterials. However, no generalizable understanding of the inter-relationship between topography and cell response exists.

Protein markers for EVs include claudin-like Sur7 family proteins.

Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen communication in some fungal diseases. In depth research into fungal EVs has been hindered by the lack of specific protein markers such as those found in mammalian EVs that have enabled sophisticated isolation and analysis techniques. Despite their role in fungal EV biogenesis, ESCRT proteins such as Vps23 (Tsg101) and Bro1 (ALIX) are not present as fungal EV cargo.