Difference in Surface Properties between Insoluble Monolayer and Adsorbed Film from Kinetics of Water Evaporation and BAM Image.

The evaporation rate of water molecules across three kinds of interfaces (air/water interface (1), air/surfactant solution interface (2), and air/water interface covered by insoluble monolayer (3)) was examined using a remodeled thermogravimetric balance. There was no difference in both the evaporation rate and the activation energy for the first two interfaces for three types of surfactant solutions below and above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). This means that the molecular surface area from the Gibbs surface excess has nothing to do with the evaporation rate.

Alcohol alters skeletal muscle heat shock protein gene expression in rats: these effects are moderated by sex, raised endogenous acetaldehyde, and starvation.

Alcoholic myopathy is a common pathology characterized by wasting due to reduced protein synthesis, although the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Women are particularly sensitive and malnutrition exacerbates the myopathy. This study aimed to address (i) whether long-term alcohol feeding alters expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in male and female rats; (ii) the effect of immediate alcohol dosing with or without raised levels of endogenous acetaldehyde; and (iii) the effect of starvation.

Study on water evaporation through 1-alkanol monolayers by the thermogravimetry method.

The influence of 1-alkanol monolayers on the rate of water evaporation has been studied by measuring water loss per unit time using thermogravimetry. The evaporation rate of water from the surface covered by an insoluble monolayer for each of four saturated 1-alkanols (C(13)OH, C(15)OH, C(17)OH, and C(19)OH) was measured as a function of temperature and alkyl chain length, where the monolayer was under equilibrium spreading pressure. The evaporation rate decreased with increasing alkyl chain length or increasing molecular interaction among 1-alkanol molecules in the insoluble monolayer.

Acute and chronic effects of alcohol exposure on skeletal muscle c-myc, p53, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common feature in alcoholism that affects up to two-thirds of alcohol misusers, and women appear to be particularly susceptible. There is also some evidence to suggest that malnutrition exacerbates the effects of alcohol on muscle. However, the mechanisms responsible for the myopathy remain elusive, and some studies suggest that acetaldehyde, rather than alcohol, is the principal pathogenic perturbant.

Temperature effect on formation of sodium cholate micelles.

The micellization of sodium cholate (NaC) at 293.2, 298.2, 303.

Temperature effect on solubilization of n-alkylbenzenes into sodium cholate micelles.

The solubilization of n-alkylbenzenes (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, n-pentylbenzene, n-hexylbenzene) into an aqueous micellar solution of sodium cholate was carried out. Solubilizate concentrations at equilibrium were determined spectrophotometrically at 293.2, 298.

Solubilization of cholesterol and polycyclic aromatic compounds into sodium bile salt micelles (part 2).

The aqueous solubility of cholesterol was determined over the temperature range from 288.2 to 318.2 K with intervals of 5 K by the enzymatic method.

Micelle formation of sodium deoxycholate and sodium ursodeoxycholate (part 1).

Micellization of sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and sodium ursodeoxycholate (NaUDC) was studied for the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the micelle aggregation number, and the degree of counterion binding to micelle, where sodium cholate (NaC) was used as a reference. The fluorescence probe technique of pyrene was employed to determine accurately the CMC values for the bile salts, which indicated that a certain concentration range of CMC and a stepwise aggregation for micellization were reasonable. The temperature dependences of micellization for NaDC and NaUDC were studied at 288.

A dynamic method of measuring surface potential change due to binding of bitter substance at monolayer-coated liquid membrane surface.

A dynamic method of determining the membrane surface potential change due to a binding of a hydrophobic ion has been presented. The surface potential was determined from the time course of membrane potential under zero electric current during a transition between two steady states in a membrane filter impregnated with a phospholipid and 1-octanol. One of the alkaloids, quinine hydrochloride, was used as a hydrophobic electrolyte.

Solubilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds into n-Decyltrimethylammonium Perfluorocarboxylate Micelles.

Solubilization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in aqueous dilute solutions of three cationic amphiphiles was studied. The maximum additive concentrations (MACs) of the aromatic compounds were constant below their critical micelle concentrations (cmcs) and monotonically increased above the cmcs. The first stepwise association constants (K(1)) between a solubilizate monomer and a vacant micelle were evaluated from the MACs for the solubilizates using the mass action model for solubilization into micelles in the dilute solution.

Separation of the Intramembrane Diffusion Potential and the Donnan Potential on the Basis of the Potential Transient Measurement: Application to the Analysis of Reverse Ion Permeation Driven by pH Difference.

In the perfluorocarboxylate ion exchange membrane-aqueous sodium chloride system, the diffusional flux of sodium ions against their own concentration difference was observed in the presence of a pH difference across the membrane. The internal solution contained 1 x 10(-1) mol dm-3 NaOH and 1 x 10(-1) mol dm-3 NaCl, and the external solution contained 2 x 10(-1) mol dm-3 NaCl and HCl of various concentrations in the range of 1 x 10(-2) to 1 x 10(-1) mol dm-3. In these membrane systems, it was observed that the membrane potential rapidly changed in response to a pH jump in the external side of two aqueous phases to reach an intermediate stage and then the subsequent step started to relax slowly to the final membrane potential at the other steady state.