Environmental exposure and nanotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in irrigation water with the flavonoid luteolin.

Different concentrations of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiONPs) have been frequently reported in treated wastewater used for the irrigation of crops. Luteolin is a susceptive anticancer flavonoid in many crops and rare medicinal plants that can be affected by exposure to TiONPs. This study investigates the potential transformation of pure luteolin in exposure to TiONP-containing water.