Energetic Comparison of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization and Membrane Technology: Assessment on Applicability in Desalination Fields.

Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising technology for sustainable water treatment. However, studies on the process have thus far been limited to lab-scale conditions and select fields of application. Such limitation is induced by several shortcomings, one of which is the absence of a comprehensive process model that accurately predicts the operational performance and the energy consumption of FCDI.

Electrochemical Oxidation-Membrane Distillation Hybrid Process: Utilizing Electric Resistance Heating for Distillation and Membrane Defouling through Thermal Activation of Anodically Formed Persulfate.

This study reports distillation-based salt removal by Ohmic heating in a hybrid process, in which electrochemical oxidation (EO) and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) are performed sequentially. In addition to anodically destructing the organics, the hybrid process also separated the sulfate-based electrolytes from treated water through distillation, without consuming external energy, owing to the temperature of the aqueous sulfate solution being elevated to 70 °C via resistive heating. The hybrid process treated organic compounds in a nonselective fashion, whereas DCMD alone did not completely reject (semi)volatile organics.

Sequential Combination of Electro-Fenton and Electrochemical Chlorination Processes for the Treatment of Anaerobically-Digested Food Wastewater.

A two-stage sequential electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) oxidation followed by electrochemical chlorination (EC) was demonstrated to concomitantly treat high concentrations of organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen (NH-N) in real anaerobically digested food wastewater (ADFW). The anodic Fenton process caused the rapid mineralization of phenol as a model substrate through the production of hydroxyl radical as the main oxidant. The electrochemical oxidation of NH by a dimensionally stable anode (DSA) resulted in temporal concentration profiles of combined and free chlorine species that were analogous to those during the conventional breakpoint chlorination of NH.

Pilot-scale evaluation of a novel TiO-supported VO catalyst for DeNOx at low temperatures at a waste incinerator.

The removal of NOx by catalytic technology at low temperatures is significant for treatment of flue gas in waste incineration plants, especially at temperatures below 200°C. A novel highly active TiO-supported vanadium oxide catalyst at low temperatures (200-250°C) has been developed for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) de-NOx process with ammonia. The catalyst was evaluated in a pilot-scale equipment, and the results were compared with those obtained in our previous work using laboratory scale (small volume test) equipment as well as bench-scale laboratory equipment.

Activation of Peroxymonosulfate by Surface-Loaded Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Oxidative Degradation of Organic Compounds.

This study demonstrates the capability of noble metal nanoparticles immobilized on Al2O3 or TiO2 support to effectively activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and degrade select organic compounds in water. The noble metals outperformed a benchmark PMS activator such as Co(2+) (water-soluble) for PMS activation and organic compound degradation at acidic pH and showed the comparable activation capacity at neutral pH. The efficiency was found to depend on the type of noble metal (following the order of Pd > Pt ≈ Au ≫ Ag), the amount of noble metal deposited onto the support, solution pH, and the type of target organic substrate.

Effect of seepage velocity on the attachment efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticles in porous media.

Previously identified relationships between the attachment efficiency (α) and seepage velocity (US) of nanoparticles (NPs) were tested under simulated subsurface transport conditions, where the value of US is typically much less than the US on which they are based. This found an increase in the α value of TiO2 NPs with respect to US, which contradicts previous reports suggesting a constant value or decrease. By comparing the adhesion energy of the TiO2 NPs to sand and the hydrodynamic energy required to detach them, the increase of α with respect to US is found to be due to the difference in the magnitude of US considered; with 6.

Examination of surface phenomena of V₂O₅ loaded on new nanostructured TiO₂ prepared by chemical vapor condensation for enhanced NH₃-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) at low temperatures.

In this article, we describe the investigation and surface characterization of a chemical vapor condensation (CVC)-TiO2 support material used in a V2O5/TiO2 catalyst for enhanced selective catalytic reduction (SCR) activity and confirm the mechanism of surface reactions. On the basis of previous studies and comparison with a commercial TiO2 catalyst, we examine four fundamental questions: first, the reason for increased surface V(4+) ion concentrations; second, the origin of the increase in surface acid sites; third, a basis for synergistic influences on improvements in SCR activity; and fourth, a reason for improved catalytic activity at low reaction temperatures. In this study, we have cited the result of SCR with NH3 activity for removing NOx and analyzed data using the reported result and data from previous studies on V2O5/CVC-TiO2 for the SCR catalyst.