Size-Dependent Separation of Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes with Exodisc Enabling Proteomic Analysis in Prostate Cancer.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as crucial biomarkers in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics with their heterogeneity presenting both challenges and opportunities in prostate cancer research. However, existing methods for isolating and characterizing EV subtypes have been limited by inefficient separation and inadequate proteomic analysis. Here we show an optimized centrifugal microfluidic device, Exodisc, that efficiently isolates large quantities of EV subtypes from particle-enriched medium, enabling comprehensive proteomic analysis of small (EV-S, 20-200 nm) and large (EV-L, >200 nm) EVs.

Infrared Ion Spectroscopy of Gaseous [Cu(2,2'-Bipyridine)]: Investigation of Jahn-Teller Elongation Versus Compression.

Symmetry breaking is ubiquitous in chemical transformations and affects various physicochemical properties of materials and molecules; Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion of hexa-coordinated transition-metal-ligand complexes falls within this paradigm. An uneven occupancy of degenerate 3d-orbitals forces the complex to adopt an axially elongated or compressed geometry, lowering the symmetry of the system and lifting the degeneracy. Coordination complexes of Cu are known to exhibit axial elongation, while compression is far less common, although this may be due to the lack of rigorous experimental verification.

Large-Scale Validation of the Feasibility of GPT-4 as a Proofreading Tool for Head CT Reports.

Background The increasing workload of radiologists can lead to burnout and errors in radiology reports. Large language models, such as OpenAI's GPT-4, hold promise as error revision tools for radiology. Purpose To test the feasibility of GPT-4 use by determining its error detection, reasoning, and revision performance on head CT reports with varying error types and to validate its clinical utility by comparison with human readers.

Exploration of the dynamics of otic capsule and intracochlear pressure: Numerical insights with experimental validation.

The otic capsule and surrounding temporal bone exhibit complex 3D motion influenced by frequency and location of the bone conduction stimulus. The resultant correlation with the intracochlear pressure is not sufficiently understood, thus is the focus of this study, both experimentally and numerically. Experiments were conducted on six temporal bones from three cadaver heads, with BC hearing aid stimulation applied at the mastoid and classical BAHA locations across 0.

Solar-Driven High-Rate Ammonia Production from Wastewater Coupled with Plastic Waste Reforming.

Solar-powered electrochemical NH synthesis offers the benefits of sustainability and absence of CO emissions but suffers from a poor solar-to-ammonia yield rate (SAY) due to a low NH selectivity, large bias caused by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction, and low photocurrent in the corresponding photovoltaics. Herein, a highly efficient photovoltaic-electrocatalytic system enabling high-rate solar-driven NH synthesis was developed. A high-performance Ru-doped Co nanotube catalyst was used to selectively promote the nitrite reduction reaction (NORR), exhibiting a faradaic efficiency of 99.

Measurement of multidifferential cross sections for dijet production in proton-proton collisions at .

A measurement of the dijet production cross section is reported based on proton-proton collision data collected in 2016 at by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 36.3 . Jets are reconstructed with the anti- algorithm for distance parameters of and 0.

Anticancer Attributes and Multifaceted Pharmacological Implications of Laetrile and Amygdalin.

Laetrile, known as vitamin B17, is often used interchangeably with amygdalin. Laetrile is a semi-synthesis product of amygdalin, whereas amygdalin is a naturally occurring substance in many plants. Both compounds have a nitrile functional group that, when activated by the intestinal enzyme β-glucosidases, releases hydrogen cyanide.

A Natural Autophagy Activator Castanea crenata Flower Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Ageing.

Background: Sarcopenia, characterized by a gradual decline in skeletal muscle mass and function with age, significantly impacts both quality of life and mortality. Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining muscle health. There is growing interest in leveraging autophagy to mitigate muscle ageing effects.

PrP Glycoprotein Is Indispensable for Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis During Aging.

Background: The cellular prion protein (PrP), a glycoprotein encoded by the PRNP gene, is known to modulate muscle mass and exercise capacity. However, the role of PrP in the maintenance and regeneration of skeletal muscle during ageing remains unclear.

Methods: This study investigated the change in PrP expression during muscle formation using C2C12 cells and evaluated muscle function in Prnp wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mice at different ages (1, 9 and 15 months).

Chemical Redox Agent-Driven Noncorrosive Formation of Nanoporous Mg Structures for Advanced Hydrogen Storage.

Light metal-based nanomaterials are widely used for energy storage due to their high energy density and surface-to-volume ratio. However, their high reactivity is paradoxically both the source of advantageous properties and a hurdle to the fabrication of stable nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate the formation of nanoporous Mg via chemical redox agent-driven dealloying, which ensures minimized surface passivation and results in fine nanostructures with <50 nm of interconnected metallic ligament despite the labile chemical properties of Mg.

Distinctive salivary oral microbiome in patients with burning mouth syndrome depending on pain intensity compared to healthy subjects.

Background/purpose: Burning moouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition similar to neuropathic pain. It is characterized by a persistent burning sensation in the oral cavity. Despite the lack of clarity regarding the etiology of BMS, recent studies have reported an association between the gut microbiome and neuropathic pain.

Biomineralization reaction from nanosized calcium silicate: A new method for reducing dentin hypersensitivity.

Background/purpose: This study assessed the ability of experimental materials consisting of dicalcium silicate (DCS) and tricalcium silicate (TCS) with nanosized particles to form intratubular crystals under phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the effect on dentin permeability reduction.

Materials And Methods: By isolating the cervical part of the extracted premolars, 195 specimens were obtained. Two experimental materials (DCS/TCS and TCS) were applied to the dentin surface by brushing and stored in PBS (n = 65).

A comparative analysis of older patients with chewing difficulties due to temporomandibular disorders and tooth loss.

Background/purpose: Chewing difficulty can contribute to psychological stress, which reduces the quality of life for older adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the severity of masticatory discomfort, stress response, and sleep disturbance in older patients experiencing masticatory discomfort due to tooth loss or temporomandibular disorders (TMD), to find the further treatment direction for these patients.

Materials And Methods: A total of 392 patients aged 50 years and older with mastication difficulties were analyzed.

Membrane-free stem cell components suppress osteoclast differentiation: Implications for oral regenerative treatment.

Background/purpose: Membrane-free stem cell components (MFSCCs) have been developed by removing cell membranes with antigens to overcome the limitations associated with cell-based therapies and isolate effective peptides. MFSCCs have been reported to have effects on oral infection sites. Chronic inflammatory diseases cause excessive bone resorption.

Intestinal stem cells in intestinal homeostasis and colorectal tumorigenesis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common tumors in the world, is generally proposed to be generated from intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)-positive ISCs are located at the bottom of the crypt and harbor self-renewal and differentiation capacities, serving as the resource of all intestinal epithelial cells and CRC cells as well. Here we review recent progress in ISCs both in non-tumoral and tumoral contexts.

Non-saponin from maintains blood-brain barrier integrity by inhibiting NF-κB and p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways to prevent the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Background: The non-saponin (NS) fraction is an important active component of with multifunctional pharmacological activities including neuroprotective, immune regulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, the effects of NSs on multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic and autoimmune demyelinating disorder, have not yet been demonstrated.

Purpose: and Methods: The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the pharmacological actions of NSs on movement dysfunctions and the related mechanisms of action using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS.

Ginseng as a therapeutic target to alleviate gut and brain diseases via microbiome regulation.

The human gut, which contains a diverse microbiome, plays an important role in maintaining physiological balance and preserving the immune system. The complex interplay between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut microbiome has gained significant attention due to its profound implications for overall health, particularly for gut and brain disorders. There is emerging evidence that the gut-brain axis (GBA) represents a bidirectional communication system between the CNS and the gastrointestinal tract and plays a pivotal role in regulating many aspects of human health.

Ginsenoside-Re-rich ethanol extract of Panax ginseng berry enhances healthspan extension via mitostasis and NAD metabolism.

Background: Ginseng Berry Concentrate (GBC) enhances exercise capacity in mice, but the effects of its key component, ginsenoside Re (G-Re), on aging and mitochondrial function are not well understood. This study investigates the impact of G-Re on mitophagy and its potential to promote healthy aging.

Methods: Experiments in C2C12 myocytes and HeLa-mitoKeima-PARKIN cells assessed GBC and G-Re's effects on mitophagy, supported by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis.

Ginsenoside Rc prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy and enhances muscle strength and motor function.

Background: A decline in muscle mass and function can impact the health, disease vulnerability, and mortality of older adults. Prolonged use of high doses of glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (DEX), can cause muscle wasting and reduced strength. Ginsenoside Rc (gRc) has been shown to protect muscles by activating the PGC-1α pathway and improving mitochondrial function.

Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) of cancer cells with natural compounds derived from and other plants.

DNA damage is a driver of cancer formation, leading to the impairment of repair mechanisms in cancer cells and rendering them susceptible to DNA-damaging therapeutic approaches. The concept of "synthetic lethality" in cancer clinics has emerged, particularly with the use of PARP inhibitors and the identification of DNA damage response (DDR) mutation biomarkers, emphasizing the significance of targeting DDR in cancer therapy. Novel approaches aimed at genome maintenance machinery are under development to further enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments.

Unlocking biochar impacts on abiotic stress dynamics: a systematic review of soil quality and crop improvement.

Global agricultural challenges, especially soil degradation caused by abiotic stresses, significantly reduce crop productivity and require innovative solutions. Biochar (BC), a biodegradable product derived from agricultural and forestry residues, has been proven to significantly enhance soil quality. Although its benefits for improving soil properties are well-documented, the potential of BC to mitigate various abiotic stresses-such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity-and its effect on plant traits need further exploration.

Giant Modulation of Magnetoresistance in a Van Der Waals Magnet by In-Plane Current Injection.

Efficient magnetization control is a central issue in magnetism and spintronics. Particularly, there are increasing demands for manipulation of magnetic states in van der Waals (vdW) magnets with unconventional functionalities. However, the electrically induced phase transition between ferromagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic states without external magnetic field is yet to be demonstrated.

Unlocking the Potential of miRNAs in Sepsis Diagnosis and Prognosis: From Pathophysiology to Precision Medicine.

The clinical syndrome appears as a dysregulated host response to infection that results in life-threatening organ dysfunction known as Sepsis. Sepsis is a serious public health concern where for every five deaths in ICU there is one patient who dies with sepsis worldwide. Sepsis is featured as unbalanced inflammation and immunosuppression which is sustained and profound, increasing patient susceptibility to secondary infections and mortality.

A descriptive analysis of nurses' self-reported mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international study.

Aim: To describe the self-reported mental health of nurses from 35 countries who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: There is little occupationally specific data about nurses' mental health worldwide. Studies have documented the impact on nurses' mental health of the COVID-19 pandemic, but few have baseline referents.