From Division to Death: Metabolomic Analysis of BY-2 Cells Reveals the Complexity of Life in Batch Culture.

Tobacco BY-2 cell culture is one of the most widely used models in plant biology. The main advantage of BY-2 suspension cultures is the synchronization of cell development and the appearance of polar elongation. In batch culture, BY-2 cells passed through the lag, proliferation, elongation, and stationary phases.

Hybrid Origin of × (Poaceae) as Revealed by Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer ITS1 and L Sequences.

× is a presumed hybrid of and . This article investigates the hybrid origin and genome composition of this species. These plants are sterile, do not undergo pollination, and do not produce seeds; occasionally, underdeveloped stamens containing abortive pollen grains form in individual spikelets.

Genetic Diversity of the Species of the Genus P.Beauv. (Poaceae) Based on the Analysis of the ITS Region: Polymorphism Proves Distant Hybridization.

The species of the genus are difficult for identification, and the genus is difficult for taxonomic treatment. The regions of 35S rRNA genes were studied for the species of the genus of different geographical origin with a method of sequencing by Sanger (ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene-ITS2, 14 species) and with a method of a locus-specific next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina platform (ITS1-5.

A new species of (Myxomycetes) and a new habitat for myxomycetes.

We describe a new species, (Myxomycetes), collected from a microhabitat new for myxomycetes: stem wounds of coniferous trees (Norway spruce) where the resin is overgrown with a community of resinicolous fungi. The 80 known collections come from the Vosges (France), the Black Forest (Germany), Swabian Alp (Germany), and several localities in Denmark and Norway. Observations, but as well as metabarcoding of substrate samples with fungal (ITS [internal transcribed spacer]), bacterial (16S rDNA), and myxomycete (18S nuc rDNA) primers from eight trunks, revealed the new myxomycete to co-occur with resin-degrading ascomycetes ().

Reproductive Morphology and Success in Annual versus Perennial Legumes: Evidence from and the Fabeae (Papilionoideae).

The third largest angiosperm family, Leguminosae, displays a broad range of reproductive strategies and has an exceptional practical value. Whereas annual legume species are mostly planted as crops, there is a significant interest in breeding and cultivating perennials. It is therefore of importance to compare reproductive traits, their interactions and the resulting productivity between related annual and perennial species.

Phylogenetic position and plastid genome structure of , a mycoheterotrophic genus of Orchidaceae (subtribe Orchidinae) endemic to Vietnam.

The orchid genus comprises three species, all discovered in the 21 century. Each of these species is achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic and is known to be endemic to Vietnam. The type species of the genus, , occurs in a single location in northern Vietnam within a lowland limestone karstic area.

Parallel patterns of genetic diversity and structure in circumboreal species of the Sphagnum capillifolium complex.

Premise: Shared geographical patterns of population genetic variation among related species is a powerful means to identify the historical events that drive diversification. The Sphagnum capillifolium complex is a group of closely related peat mosses within the Sphagnum subgenus Acutifolia and contains several circumboreal species whose ranges encompass both glaciated and unglaciated regions across the northern hemisphere. In this paper, we (1) inferred the phylogeny of subg.

What can reactive oxygen species (ROS) tell us about the action mechanism of herbicides and other phytotoxins?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in plant cells continuously. When ROS production exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the cells, oxidative stress develops which causes damage of cell components and may even lead to the induction of programmed cell death (PCD). The levels of ROS production increase upon abiotic stress, but also during pathogen attack in response to elicitors, and upon application of toxic compounds such as synthetic herbicides or natural phytotoxins.

Hybridization in the Subtribe Alopecurinae Dumort. (Poaceae) According to Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis: Different Ploidy Level Tells Different Origin of the Groups.

We performed next-generation sequencing of the 18S rDNA-ITS1-5.8S rDNA region along with traditional Sanger sequencing of L, K, F, and ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 to clarify the hybridization pattern in the subtribe Alopecurinae and in the genus in particular.

New Data on (, ) from Central Vietnam with Description of Two New Species and Creation of a New Combination Based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Evidence.

Two new species of ( and ) discovered during an investigation of the mycobiota of Central Vietnam (Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve; Ta Dung National Park; Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park; Kon Ka Kinh National Park) are described on the basis of molecular and morphological data. Illustrated descriptions of their macro- and microscopic features and discussion on similar taxa are given. Additionally, eight species which were recorded for the first time in Vietnam are listed and illustrated here.

DNA barcodes reliably differentiate between nivicolous species of Diderma (Myxomycetes, Amoebozoa) and reveal regional differences within Eurasia.

The nivicolous species of the genus Diderma are challenging to identify, and there are several competing views on their delimitation. We analyzed 102 accessions of nivicolous Diderma spp. that were sequenced for two or three unlinked genes to determine which of the current taxonomic treatments is better supported by molecular species delimitation methods.

Plant Heterotrophic Cultures: No Food, No Growth.

Plant cells are capable of uptaking exogenous organic substances. This inherited trait allows the development of heterotrophic cell cultures in various plants. The most common of them are and .

Sucrose and Mannans Affect Arabidopsis Shoot Gravitropism at the Cell Wall Level.

Gravitropism is the plant organ bending in response to gravity. Gravitropism, phototropism and sufficient mechanical strength define the optimal position of young shoots for photosynthesis. Etiolated wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings grown horizontally in the presence of sucrose had a lot more upright hypocotyls than seedlings grown without sucrose.

Influence of Orographic Factors on the Distribution of Lichens in the Franz Josef Land Archipelago.

During a geobotanical study of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, 111 lichen species were recorded on 130 sample plots. The significance of orographic factors in the distribution of lichens was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis. It was found that the absolute altitude and distance from the glacier are of the greatest importance for crustose lichens, while for fruticose lichens, the most critical factors were the slope exposure and steepness.

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Distinct Ecosystems of the North Caucasus, a Temperate Biodiversity Hotspot.

Background: Investigations that are focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) biodiversity is still limited. The analysis of the AMF taxa in the North Caucasus, a temperate biodiversity hotspot, used to be limited to the genus level. This study aimed to define the AMF biodiversity at the species level in the North Caucasus biotopes.

The application of Vavilov's approaches to the phylogeny and evolution of cultivated species of the genus Avena L.

The central problem that Vavilov was investigating was the overall concept of global plant genetic resources. The theoretical basis of this concept consisted of the law of homologous series in variation, research on the problem of species as a system, botanical and geographical bases of plant breeding, and the key theory of the centers of origin of cultivated plants. The VIR global collection of plant genetic resources collected by Vavilov and his associates from all over the world reflects the fullness of botanical, morphological and genetic diversity, and can be used for historical, evolutionary, phylogenetic and applied breeding research aimed at unlocking the potential of all the collection material.

Phylogeny, taxonomy, and character evolution in subgenus .

is a well-known and long-established subgenus of the genus traditionally defined mainly by the mycenoid basidiocarps of the included species. Until now, revisions of this subgenus including molecular data exist only on a regional scale. In this study, the phylogeny of species of is analysed based on multi-gene DNA sequences including data of specimens from all continents.

The History and introduction of the Daurian Lily and the new combination var. (Liliaceae).

Manuscripts in the Archives of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg reveal the first recorded observations and introductions of Ker-Gawl. from Siberia to European Russia.

The Conservation and Study of Macromycetes in the Komarov Botanical Institute Basidiomycetes Culture Collection-Their Taxonomical Diversity and Biotechnological Prospects.

Culture collections (CCs) play an important role in the ex situ conservation of biological material and maintaining species and strains, which can be used for scientific and practical purposes. The Komarov Botanical Institute Basidiomycetes Culture Collection (LE-BIN) preserves a large number of original dikaryon strains of various taxonomical and ecological groups of fungi from different geographical regions. Started in the late 1950s for the investigation of Basidiomycetes' biological activity, today, in Russia, it has become a unique specialized macromycetes collection, preserving 3680 strains from 776 species of fungi.

Plant Life with and without Oxygen: A Metabolomics Approach.

Oxygen deficiency is an environmental challenge which affects plant growth, the development and distribution in land and aquatic ecosystems, as well as crop yield losses worldwide. The capacity to exist in the conditions of deficiency or the complete lack of oxygen depends on a number of anatomic, developmental and molecular adaptations. The lack of molecular oxygen leads to an inhibition of aerobic respiration, which causes energy starvation and the acceleration of glycolysis passing into fermentations.

Polyacetylene Derivatives from the Polypore Fungus (Fistulina hepatica, Agaricomycetes) and Their Antimicrobial Activity.

Chemical investigation of the polypore fungus Fistulina hepatica resulted in the isolation of five compounds, including four new polyacetylenic fatty acid derivatives - isocinnatriacetin B (1), isocinnatriacetin A (2), cinna-triacetin C (3) and ethylcinnatriacetin A (4) together with one known polyacetylene fatty acid derivative - cinnatriacetin A (5). The structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods (UV, NMR, HR-ESIMS) along with comparison to literature data. Antibacterial activity screening of compounds 1-5 against ESKAPE bacterial strains in vitro with zones of inhibition (ZOI) was performed and MIC values were established for the most active compounds (3 and 4).

The diversity of macromycetes in peatlands: nine years of plot-based monitoring and barcoding in the raised bog "Mukhrino", West Siberia.

Background: Peatland ecosystems are defined by soils with sufficient under-decomposed organic layer, called peat, formed under anoxic conditions. Peatlands are widespread around the world, with several highly paludified regions, one of which is the Western Siberian Plain. Peatlands store large amounts of carbon and are important in their intact state to counteract climate change, as well as for a variety of other ecosystem functions.

The Effects of Inoculation on Transcriptome of Leaves at Early Vegetative and Flowering Stages of Plant Development.

The study is aimed at revealing the effects of inoculation on the transcriptome of leaves at the early (second leaf formation) and later (flowering) stages of plant development. A pot experiment was conducted under conditions of low phosphorus (P) level in the substrate. plants were characterized by high mycorrhizal growth response and mycorrhization parameters.

Do epiphytic lichens negatively impact their hosts through allelopathy? The effect of Evernia esorediosa on growth and biochemical processes of Larix gmelinii.

The question of the nature of the interaction between epiphytic lichens and their host trees remains highly debated. Some authors showed cases of allelopathy, but this needs further investigation. Our study covers the effects caused by the epiphytic lichen Evernia esorediosa (Müll.