Lack of consensus in atypical congenital obstructive urethral lesions in children: Snapshot of the web-based ObsCUre (obstruction to the child urethra) study.

Background: Atypical Congenital Obstructive Urethral Lesions (ACOUL) are uncommon causes of urethral obstruction in children. They include Cobb's collar or Moorman's ring, Type III posterior urethral valve (PUV), congenital urethral narrowing and anterior urethral valves. This study is aimed to evaluate the knowledge and current practice amongst clinicians attending to ACOUL.

Multiple uterine perforations during manual vacuum aspiration: the need to increase the clinical awareness of attending healthcare professionals.

Background: The risk of uterine perforation during manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is reduced by using Karman cannula (which has a rounded tip) during the procedure.

Methods: A 35-year-old multigravida at 13 gestational weeks presented with vaginal bleeding of a day duration and ultrasound evidence of retained products of conception suggestive of incomplete miscarriage. The patient was rhesus D positive and stable.

Ectopic pregnancy in the ampulla of the fallopian tube at 16 gestational weeks: lessons from a case report.

Background: It is uncommon to find ampullary tubal pregnancy in the second trimester.

Methods: A 35-year-old G4P3 at 16 gestational weeks presented with a day history of sudden severe lower abdominal pain and no vaginal bleeding. The patient had a normal pulse of 82/minutes, haemoglobin concentration of 6.

The hazards of conducting induction of labour in high-risk pregnancies at district hospitals in low- and middle-income countries: lessons to learn from a case report.

Background: Induction of labour (IOL) is an obstetric procedure that should be conducted in a healthcare facility with the capacity to provide optimal care based on the patient risk status. Inadequate monitoring, untimely procedure and lack of readily available and experienced medical staff to participate in the care of the patient undergoing induction are hazardous with snowball effects.

Methods: A 38-year-old G4P2+1 had IOL because of oligohydramnios at term in a district hospital.

Pre-eclampsia with severe features: management of antihypertensive therapy in the postpartum period.

Introduction: there is variance in both the types and combinations of antihypertensive drugs used for managing pre-eclampsia in the postpartum period. Knowledge of the most common and suitable single or combination antihypertensive drug therapies in the postpartum period will minimize harmful effects, promote adherence to medications, overcome any fears that lactating mothers may have about these drugs and will assist in healthcare planning. Objective: to determine the types of antihypertensive drug therapies used in managing pre-eclampsia with severe features (sPE) in the postpartum period in a regional hospital in South Africa.

Improving prenatal detection of congenital hand defects through collaborative goal-directed antenatal care: a case report on symbrachydactyly.

Background: Prenatal ultrasonography for the detection of fetal structural anomaly is an important component of antenatal care. During the assessment, proximal limb deformities are readily diagnosed. Distal limb, especially digit, abnormalities, however, may be difficult to detect, particularly if the ultrasonography is performed in the third trimester, and the deformity is unilateral and isolated.

'Prostate Cancer' Information on the Internet: Fact or Fiction?

Background/aims: In today's information era, patients often seek information regarding health using the internet. We assessed reliability and validity of internet information regarding 'prostate cancer'.

Methods: Search term 'prostate cancer' used on Google website (June 2017).

Expectant management of retained abnormally adherent placenta complicated by uterine prolapse after vaginal delivery.

The placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) describes invasion and adherence of the placenta onto or beyond the myometrium. Prenatal imaging improves management outcomes. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), however, the unavailability of ultrasonography in some health facilities delays the diagnosis, particularly if the prenatal period is asymptomatic.

Refusal of antenatal care and the applicable conceptual models.

•The 'five-prong purpose' model describes the functions of antenatal care.•Addressing challenges identified with the five 'A's model prevents refusal of antenatal care.•Refusal of antenatal care leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes and socio-economic challenges.

The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure on Respiratory Syncytial Virus-associated Severe Respiratory Illness in South African Infants, 2011-2016.

From 2011 through 2016, we conducted surveillance for severe respiratory illness in infants. Human immunodeficiency virus exposure significantly increased the risk of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospitalization in infants aged <5 months. More than 60% of RSV-associated hospitalizations occurred in the first 4 months of life and may be preventable through maternal vaccination or birth-dose monoclonal antibody.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome Surveillance in South Africa Using a Sentinel Site Approach: A Cross-sectional Study.

Background: Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) includes disorders associated with intrauterine rubella infection. Incidence of CRS is higher in countries with no rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) in their immunization schedules. In the World Health Organization African region, RCVs are being introduced as part of the 2012-2020 global measles and rubella strategic plan.

The Role of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Influenza- and Respiratory Syncytial Virus-associated Hospitalizations in South African Children, 2011-2016.

Background: Data describing influenza- or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospitalized illness in children aged <5 years in Africa are limited.

Methods: During 2011-2016, we conducted surveillance for severe respiratory illness (SRI) in children aged <5 years in 3 South African hospitals. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for influenza and RSV using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection With Viral Coinfection in HIV-Uninfected Children.

Background: Molecular diagnostics enable sensitive detection of respiratory viruses, but their clinical significance remains unclear in pediatric lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). We aimed to determine whether viral coinfections increased life-threatening disease in a large cohort.

Methods: Molecular testing was performed for respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from children aged <5 years within 24 hours of hospital admission during sentinel surveillance for severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalization conducted in South Africa during February 2009-December 2013.

Epidemiology of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants.

Background: Increased morbidity and mortality from lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has been suggested in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children; however, the contribution of respiratory viruses is unclear. We studied the epidemiology of LRTI hospitalization in HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) and HEU infants aged <6 months in South Africa.

Methods: We prospectively enrolled hospitalized infants with LRTI from 4 provinces from 2010 to 2013.

Chronic kidney disease.

It is known that, for many reasons, general practitioners(GPs) find renal disease difficult to diagnose, understandand treat. The terms chronic kidney disease (CKD) andglomerular filtration rate (GFR), representing the renalfunction equation, have been introduced to clarify someof these difficulties. Unfortunately, even these pivotal concepts remaineither unknown or poorly understood by the majority of GPs in SouthAfrica (SA).

Cardiovascular causes of death at Tshepong Hospital in 1 year, 1989-1990. A necropsy study.

Cardiovascular disease is the third most common cause of death in Tshepong Hospital in the western Transvaal, and the most common cause of death in patients older than 35 years. A prospective study was undertaken which included limited necropsies in 90 of the 167 cardiovascular disease deaths over 1 year. A reliable mortality pattern for cardiovascular deaths is described.

Causes of death at Tshepong, a rural hospital, 1986-1987.

A prospective study was undertaken to determine causes of death at Tshepong Hospital in the western Transvaal over 1 year. Specific attention was paid to the accurate coding of causes of death; this entailed discussions with the attending doctor as well as 38 autopsies. Only 2.