Evaluating the Effectiveness of Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) Training for Family Medicine Residents in Saudi Arabia.

Background: This study aims to assess the knowledge level of family medicine physicians in Saudi Arabia, regarding basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). Recognizing the importance of timely and effective resuscitation in emergency medical care, the study explores the physicians' proficiency in key resuscitation concepts and identifies areas for improvement.

Methodology: Conducted as an observational cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia, the research involved family medicine physicians from major hospital centers.

Cancer Biomarkers and Precision Oncology: A Review of Recent Trends and Innovations.

The discovery of cancer-specific biomarkers has resulted in major advancements in the field of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, therefore significantly lowering cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Cancer biomarkers can be generally classified as prognostic biomarkers that predict specific disease outcomes and predictive biomarkers that predict disease response to targeted therapeutic interventions. As research in the area of predictive biomarkers continues to grow, precision medicine becomes far more integrated in cancer treatment.

Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation versus Other Fertility Techniques for Chemoradiation-Induced Premature Ovarian Insufficiency in Women: A Systematic Review and Future Directions.

Current advances in cancer therapy have increased survival, emphasizing the need for life quality improvement. Fertility loss is common post-chemotherapy. Current guidelines establish embryo and oocyte cryopreservation to address premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).

Multi-centre evaluation of variation in cumulative dose assessment in reirradiation scenarios.

Background And Purpose: Safe reirradiation relies on assessment of cumulative doses to organs at risk (OARs) across multiple treatments. Different clinical pathways can result in inconsistent estimates. Here, we quantified the consistency of cumulative dose to OARs across multi-centre clinical pathways.

Co-stimulatory pathway competitive assay development using Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

T-cells play a significant role in the development of autoimmune diseases. The CD28-B7 costimulatory pathway is crucial for activating T-cells, and blocking this pathway is essential for treating autoimmune diseases. Therapeutic antibodies and fusion proteins that target costimulatory molecules like CD80, CD86, CTLA-4, and CD28 have been developed to explore the costimulation process and as targeted treatments.

Novel UBE3B mutations: report of eight patients with Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome with additional clinical findings from a highly consanguineous population.

Biallelic mutations in UBE3B cause Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome (KOS; OMIM 244450) with a wide range of clinical manifestations. In this study, we employed genetic analyses including homozygosity mapping, candidate gene sequencing, whole exome sequencing, and confirmatory Sanger sequencing on eight patients from three unrelated consanguineous families. Our analysis yielded three different novel variants in UBE3B : a missense substitution [NM_130466.

Role of epinephrine in attenuating cytokine storm, decreasing ferritin, and inhibiting ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019. It presents one of the most threatening pandemics in the history of humanity. The mortality and morbidity represent an unprecedented challenge to the modern medical era.

Further delineation of the phenotypic and metabolomic profile of ALDH1L2-related neurodevelopmental disorder.

ALDH1L2, a mitochondrial enzyme in folate metabolism, converts 10-formyl-THF (10-formyltetrahydrofolate) to THF (tetrahydrofolate) and CO. At the cellular level, deficiency of this NADP-dependent reaction results in marked reduction in NADPH/NADP ratio and reduced mitochondrial ATP. Thus far, a single patient with biallelic ALDH1L2 variants and the phenotype of a neurodevelopmental disorder has been reported.

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy with or without palbociclib in low-risk patients: a phase III randomized double-blind SAFIA trial.

Background: The most prevalent subtype of breast cancer (BC) is luminal hormonal-positive breast cancer. The neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens have side effects, emphasizing the need to identify new startegies.

Objective: Analyze the complete pathologic response (pCR) rate and overall response in a low-risk hormone-positive subset of patients receiving neoadjuvant hormone treatment (NAHT) with or without Palbociclib (a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor) to boost NAHT effectiveness.

Highlight selection of radiochemistry and radiopharmacy developments by editorial board.

Background: The Editorial Board of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry releases a biannual highlight commentary to update the readership on trends in the field of radiopharmaceutical development.

Main Body: This commentary of highlights has resulted in 21 different topics selected by each coauthoring Editorial Board member addressing a variety of aspects ranging from novel radiochemistry to first in man application of novel radiopharmaceuticals.

Conclusion: Trends in radiochemistry and radiopharmacy are highlighted demonstrating the progress in the research field in various topics including new PET-labelling methods, FAPI-tracers and imaging, and radionuclide therapy being the scope of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry.

The first report on the association of celiac disease and cystic fibrosis in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Celiac disease (CD) has been described before in Saudi Arabia (SA) to be at the range of 1%-2% in the general population, but the association of celiac disease and cystic fibrosis (CF) has never been described before in the Middle East.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of the association of CD and CF in patients with gastrointestinal symptomatology in a tertiary care center.

Method: ology: A retrospective charts review of all confirmed CD and CF patients for the years 1989-2018.

CFTR protein quantification as a cystic fibrosis diagnostic biomarker in dried blood spots using multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel found on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the airway and gastrointestinal tract. A mutation in the CFTR protein is responsible for developing cystic fibrosis (CF) disease. Therefore, circulating CFTR protein could be a promising biomarker of CF disease.

Is surgical intervention routinely required for congenital lobar overinflation? A case series from a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Congenital lobar overinflation (CLO) is a congenital overinflation of a pulmonary lobe. The treatment choice depends on the severity of its symptoms. Surgical intervention is indicated for patients with significant symptomatology, while a conservative approach is used to treat incidental and mildly symptomatic lesions.

Molecular and Metabolomic Investigation of Celecoxib Antiproliferative Activity in Mono-and Combination Therapy against Breast Cancer Cell Models.

Background: Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the initiation, promotion, and invasion of tumors, and thus the antiproliferative effects of numerous anti-inflammatory drugs have been frequently reported in the literature. Upregulation of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been linked to various human cancers, including breast cancer.

Objectives: This research aims to investigate the antiproliferative activity of different Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including COX-2 selective and non-selective agents, against various breast cancer cell lines and to elucidate possible molecular pathways involved in their activity.

Response to Induction Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy Using Upfront 21-Gene Breast Recurrence Score Assay-Results From the SAFIA Phase III Trial.

Purpose: Luminal, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer represents the most common subtype of breast malignancies. Neoadjuvant strategies of operable breast cancer are mostly based on chemotherapy, whereas it is not completely understood which patients might benefit from neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NAHT).

Materials And Methods: The SAFIA trial is a prospective multicenter, international, double-blind, neoadjuvant phase III trial, using upfront 21-gene Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score assay (recurrence score [RS] < 31) to select operable luminal human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative patients, for induction hormonal therapy HT (fulvestrant 500 mg with or without goserelin) before randomly assigning responding patients to fulvestrant 500 mg (with or without goserelin) plus either palbociclib (cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor) or placebo.

Geographic distribution of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) has been reported before in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf area. It has been found that screening for 10 most common cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations can detect 80% of positive CFTR cases.

Objectives: To determine the geographic distribution of the most common CFTR variants in 5 regions of Saudi Arabia.

Screening for mutations among Saudi women with ovarian cancer.

The study aimed to screen for gene mutations among Saudi women with Ovarian Cancer. The study included 298 Saudi women with epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC). DNA sequence analysis was employed to screen for the mutations.

The prevalence of viral infections in children with cystic fibrosis in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Studies have shown that pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are associated with respiratory viruses. The most common agent causing viral infections in patients with CF before the age of 3 years is respiratory syncytial virus.

Objectives: To obtain the prevalence of the different types of viral infection in CF patients and to identify its relation with the type of bacterial infection, (CFTR) mutations and pulmonary function test (PFT).

Dexamethasone-Induced Perturbations in Tissue Metabolomics Revealed by Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS analysis.

Dexamethasone (Dex) is a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) drug commonly used clinically for the treatment of several inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. Despite its broad range of indications, the long-term use of Dex is known to be associated with specific abnormalities in several tissues and organs. In this study, the metabolomic effects on five different organs induced by the chronic administration of Dex in the Sprague-Dawley rat model were investigated using the chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (CIL LC-MS) platform, which targets the amine/phenol submetabolomes.

Proteomic Analysis of Morphologically Changed Tissues after Prolonged Dexamethasone Treatment.

Prolonged dexamethasone (Dex) administration leads to serious adverse and decrease brain and heart size, muscular atrophy, hemorrhagic liver, and presence of kidney cysts. Herein, we used an untargeted proteomic approach using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for simultaneous identification of changes in proteomes of the major organs in Sprague-Dawley (SD rats post Dex treatment. The comparative and quantitative proteomic analysis of the brain, heart, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues revealed differential expression of proteins ( = 190, 193, 39, 230, and 53, respectively) between Dex-treated and control rats.

The use of an omental flap for the reconstruction of a burn injury to the scalp: A case report.

Introduction: Omental free flaps are used in reconstructing a wide range of clinical indications in the head and neck. The first omental flap case to be reported was in 1972 by McLean and Buncke.

Case Presentation: This case demonstrate the feasibility of minimal invasive procedure of harvest an omental flap laparoscopically to cover the entire scalp after a burn injury in a young male.

A targeted metabolomics approach for clinical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism.

Metabolome, the ultimate functional product of the genome, can be studied through identification and quantification of small molecules. The global metabolome influences the individual phenotype through clinical and environmental interventions. Metabolomics has become an integral part of clinical research and allowed for another dimension of better understanding of disease pathophysiology and mechanism.

Radiologically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis.

Background: Incidental white matter lesions (WML) are increasingly seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical practice. Demyelination consistent with MS is seen in 0.1-0.

Vascular access types in patients starting hemodialysis after failed kidney transplant: does close nephrology follow-up matter?

Background: Native arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are preferred while central venous catheters (CVCs) are least suitable vascular access (VA) in patients requiring hemodialysis (HD). Unfortunately, around 80% of patients start HD with CVCs. Late referral to nephrologist is thought to be a factor responsible for this.