Future Energy Breakthroughs: Implications for the Hydrocarbon Economies of the Arabian Gulf.

Countries in the Arabian Gulf are reliant upon hydrocarbons for revenues, exports, industries and funding services. It is largely assumed that the global energy transition will be gradual, as reflected in planning and strategy documents. However, energy breakthroughs can change the global energy system.

Future Scenarios for River Exports of Multiple Pollutants by Sources and Sub-Basins Worldwide: Rising Pollution for the Indian Ocean.

In the future, rivers may export more pollutants to coastal waters, driven by socio-economic development, increased material consumption, and climate change. However, existing scenarios often ignore multi-pollutant problems. Here, we aim to explore future trends in annual river exports of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), plastics (macro and micro), and emerging contaminants (triclosan and diclofenac) at the sub-basin scale worldwide.

The Grumpy dwarfgoby, a new species of (Teleostei, Gobiidae) from the Red Sea.

A new gobiid species is described from ten specimens, 9.2 - 16.7 mm SL, collected from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea.

Airborne organic pollutants impact microbial communities in temperate and Antarctic seawaters.

Airborne Organic Pollutants (AOPs) reach remote oceanic regions after long range atmospheric transport and deposition, incorporating into natural microbial communities. This study investigated the effects of AOPs on natural microbial communities of the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Bellingshausen Sea, by assessing the impact of both non-polar and polar AOPs on cell abundances, chlorophyll a concentrations and cell viabilities of different microbial groups. Our results indicate that almost all groups, except flagellates in the Bellingshausen Sea, were significantly affected by AOPs.

Innovative Strategies for Photons Management on Ultrathin Silicon Solar Cells.

Silicon (Si), the eighth most common element in the known universe by mass and widely applied in the industry of electronics chips and solar cells, rarely emerges as a pure element in the Earth's crust. Optimizing its manufacturing can be crucial in the global challenge of reducing the cost of renewable energy modules and implementing sustainable development goals in the future. In the industry of solar cells, this challenge is stimulating studies of ultrathin Si-based architectures, which are rapidly attracting broad attention.

Intra-colony spatial variance of oxyregulation and hypoxic thresholds for key coral species.

Oxygen (O) availability is essential for healthy coral reef functioning, yet how continued loss of dissolved O via ocean deoxygenation impacts performance of reef building corals remains unclear. Here, we examine how intra-colony spatial geometry of important Great Barrier Reef (GBR) coral species may influence variation in hypoxic thresholds for upregulation, to better understand capacity to tolerate future reductions in O availability. We first evaluate the application of more streamlined models used to parameterise Hypoxia Response Curve data, models that have been used historically to identify variable oxyregulatory capacity.

Electrospun Cu-Co ferrite nanofibers: synthesis, structure, optical and magnetic properties, and anti-cancer activity.

In this study, we investigated Cu-Co ferrite nanofibers (NFs) that were synthesized for the first time employing the electrospinning technique. The structure, phase purity and crystallite size of all the prepared NFs were revealed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The NFs crystallized in the 3̄ (no.

Low diversity and abundance of predatory fishes in a peripheral coral reef ecosystem.

Semi-enclosed seas are often associated with elevated local threats and distinct biogeographic patterns among marine fishes, but our understanding of how fish assemblage dynamics vary in relation to relatively small semi-enclosed seas (e.g., the Gulf of Aqaba) remains limited.

Site selective gold(i)-catalysed benzylic C-H amination an intermolecular hydride transfer to triazolinediones.

Triazolinediones are known as highly reactive dienophiles that can also act as electrophilic amination reagents towards enolisable C-H bonds (ionic pathway) or weak C-H bonds (free radical pathway). Here, we report that this C-H amination reactivity can be significantly extended and enhanced gold(i)-catalysis. Under mild conditions, several alkyl-substituted aryls successfully undergo benzylic C-H aminations at room temperature.

Bifunctional CuS/Cl-terminated greener MXene electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen production by water splitting.

Metal sulfides and 2D materials are the propitious candidates for numerous electrochemical applications, due to their superior conductivity and ample active sites. Herein, CuS nanoparticles were fabricated on 2D greener HF-free Cl-terminated MXene (TiCCl) sheets by the hydrothermal process as a proficient electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and overall water splitting. CuS/TiCCl showed an overpotential of 163 mV and a Tafel slope of 77 mV dec at 10 mA cm for the HER.

A generalized interrupted time series model for assessing complex health care interventions.

Assessing the impact of complex interventions on measurable health outcomes is a growing concern in health care and health policy. Interrupted time series (ITS) designs borrow from traditional case-crossover designs and function as quasi-experimental methodology able to retrospectively analyze the impact of an intervention. Statistical models used to analyze ITS designs primarily focus on continuous-valued outcomes.

Interspecific coral competition does not affect the symbiosis of gall crabs (Decapoda: Cryptochiridae) and their scleractinian hosts.

Coral reefs accommodate a myriad of species, many of which live in association with a host organism. Decapod crustaceans make up a large part of this associated fauna on coral reefs. Among these, cryptochirid crabs are obligately associated with scleractinian corals, in which they create dwellings where they permanently reside.

Fluorescent copolymer aggregate sensor for lithium chloride.

We report a copolymeric fluorescent sensor that is selective for lithium chloride. The two constituent polymers comprise pendent triphenylethylene (TPE) moieties for aggregate induced emission (AIE) along with either strapped-calix[4]pyrrole or secondary ammonium groups that drive aggregation self-assembly upon polymer mixing. Addition of LiCl in acetonitrile disrupts the strapped-calix[4]pyrrole/secondary ammonium chloride salt host-guest crosslinks leading to disaggregation of the polymer chains and a decrease in TPE emission.

Novel observations of asexual reproduction in the carpet sea anemone, (Stichodactylidae, Actiniaria).

Merten's carpet sea anemone, Brandt, 1835, is the largest known sea anemone species in the world, regularly exceeding one meter in oral disc diameter. A tropical species from the Indo-Pacific, drapes prominently over coral reef substrates and is a common host to numerous species of clownfishes and other symbionts throughout its range, which extends from the Red Sea through the Central Pacific Ocean. Long thought to reproduce via sexual reproduction only, recent genetic evidence suggests it may rarely reproduce asexually as well, although this process had never been confirmed through direct observation and the mechanism was yet to be described.

A new species of (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from the Red Sea and its phylogenetic position.

A black coral, Chimienti, is described from the Saudi Arabian coasts of the Gulf of Aqaba and north Red Sea (Neom area) using an integrated taxonomic approach. The morphological distinctiveness of the new species is confirmed by molecular analyses. The species thrives in warm and high salinity waters typical of the Red Sea at bathyal depths.

Coral bleaching due to cold stress on a central Red Sea reef flat.

Ocean warming is leading to more frequent coral bleaching events. However, cold stress can also induce bleaching in corals. Here, we report observations of a boreal winter bleaching event in January 2020 in the central Red Sea, mainly within a population of the branching coral on an offshore reef flat.

Demographic histories shape population genomics of the common coral grouper ().

Many coral reef fishes display remarkable genetic and phenotypic variation across their geographic ranges. Understanding how historical and contemporary processes have shaped these patterns remains a focal question in evolutionary biology since they reveal how diversity is generated and how it may respond to future environmental change. Here, we compare the population genomics and demographic histories of a commercially and ecologically important coral reef fish, the common coral grouper ( [Lacépède 1802]), across two adjoining regions (the Great Barrier Reef; GBR, and the Coral Sea, Australia) spanning approximately 14 degrees of latitude and 9 degrees of longitude.

Parents exposed to warming produce offspring lower in weight and condition.

The parental environment can alter offspring phenotypes via the transfer of non-genetic information. Parental effects may be viewed as an extension of (within-generation) phenotypic plasticity. Smaller size, poorer physical condition, and skewed sex ratios are common responses of organisms to global warming, yet whether parental effects alleviate, exacerbate, or have no impact on these responses has not been widely tested.

A Conceptual Approach to Partitioning a Vertical Profile of Phytoplankton Biomass Into Contributions From Two Communities.

We describe an approach to partition a vertical profile of chlorophyll-a concentration into contributions from two communities of phytoplankton: one (community 1) that resides principally in the turbulent mixed-layer of the upper ocean and is observable through satellite visible radiometry; the other (community 2) residing below the mixed-layer, in a stably stratified environment, hidden from the eyes of the satellite. The approach is tuned to a time-series of profiles from a Biogeochemical-Argo float in the northern Red Sea, selected as its location transitions from a deep mixed layer in winter (characteristic of vertically well-mixed systems) to a shallow mixed layer in the summer with a deep chlorophyll-a maximum (characteristic of vertically stratified systems). The approach is extended to reproduce profiles of particle backscattering, by deriving the chlorophyll-specific backscattering coefficients of the two communities and a background coefficient assumed to be dominated by non-algal particles in the region.

Hot carrier dynamics of BiTeI with large Rashba spin splitting.

We present a time-resolved ultrafast optical spectroscopy study on BiTeI, a noncentrosymmetric semiconductor with large spin-orbit splitting. By tuning the pump photon energy, hot carriers can be excited into different energy bands, and the hot carriers decay dynamics are measured. The hot carriers excited by an 1.

Understanding liquefaction in halide perovskites upon methylamine gas exposure.

Methylamine (CHNH, MA) gas-induced fabrication of organometal CHNHPbI based perovskite thin films are promising photovoltaic materials that transform the energy from absorbed sunlight into electrical power. Unfortunately, the low stability of the perovskites poses a serious hindrance for further development, compared to conventional inorganic materials. The solid-state perovskites are liquefied and recrystallized from CHNH.

Pieces in a global puzzle: Population genetics at two whale shark aggregations in the western Indian Ocean.

The whale shark is found throughout the world's tropical and warm-temperate ocean basins. Despite their broad physical distribution, research on the species has been concentrated at a few aggregation sites. Comparing DNA sequences from sharks at different sites can provide a demographically neutral understanding of the whale shark's global ecology.

Type-I Energy Level Alignment at the PTCDA-Monolayer MoS Interface Promotes Resonance Energy Transfer and Luminescence Enhancement.

Van der Waals heterostructures consisting of 2D semiconductors and conjugated molecules are of increasing interest because of the prospect of a synergistic enhancement of (opto)electronic properties. In particular, perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on monolayer (ML)-MoS has been identified as promising candidate and a staggered type-II energy level alignment and excited state interfacial charge transfer have been proposed. In contrast, it is here found with inverse and direct angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy that PTCDA/ML-MoS supported by insulating sapphire exhibits a straddling type-I level alignment, with PTCDA having the wider energy gap.

Single-atom nickel terminating sp and sp nitride in polymeric carbon nitride for visible-light photocatalytic overall water splitting.

Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been widely used as a metal-free photocatalyst for solar hydrogen generation from water. However, rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish water catalysis kinetics have greatly limited its photocatalytic performance for overall water splitting. Herein, a single-atom Ni terminating agent was introduced to coordinate with the heptazine units of PCN to create new hybrid orbitals.