Nanoparticle modification in biological media: implications for oral nanomedicines.

Nanomedicine has shown potential in enabling oral administration of poorly absorbable drugs, such as biologics. As part of the process related to optimisation of the safety and efficacy of nanomedicines, it is imperative that the interaction of nanoparticles with the biological systems - including the gut - is fully characterised. In this article, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms by which nanoparticles may transform upon introduction in biological media.