[What are the contributions of experimental studies to the diagnosis and therapy of urological tumors?].

The contribution of experimental research in the diagnostics and therapy of urological malignancies is based on different approaches. One of the most important techniques is the development of tumor markers which can predict progression of the tumor. These markers can be detected by molecular biological techniques, by immunohistochemistry or by other quantification techniques such as morphometry and flowcytometry.

Ethical manipulations: an ethical evaluation of the debate surrounding genetic engineering.

"Manipulation" per se is not bad. The crucial question in the moral debate about genetic engineering is: When and how are we allowed to manipulate? Unfortunately, the moral discussion surrounding this question is itself being manipulated. There are moral manipulations (by those who wish to either reassure or to alarm) and there are ethical manipulations (the failed utilitarian calculus and the centering of the discussion only around rules, rights, and duties).

[Extension of life from a psychogeriatric viewpoint].

Life prolongation (lp) is not only a quantitative, but also a qualitative concept, especially when we look at the factors, which cause life prolongation. One of the consequences of lp is that in the Western world most people live into old age (defined as reaching the age of 65). Now the question is: do we have to continue to work on this product of 'progression-mindedness'.

[Differences between dentate and edentate people].

Differences in dental behaviour and dental attitudes between people with (almost) all natural teeth, people with a full denture in both jaws and people with a full denture in only the upper jaw are summarized by means of correspondence analysis in one overall picture. The findings obtained in this study can lead to the conclusion that: a. differences in dental status are related to differences in dental behaviour and dental attitudes; b.

[Animal experiments--no vivisection].

Summary of the inaugural address, delivered on September 21, 1988, on the assumption of the special laboratory animal science chair which was created by the Animal and Society Foundation in the University of Nijmegen. The ethical and scientific conditions to prevent that animal experiments have to be disqualified as 'vivisection' are discussed.

[Homes for the aged: a source of increasing concern (4). The evaluation of a group care program].

In 1983 an intervention program was initiated in the old people's home 'De Oldenhaag' for those residents whose condition indicated admission to a nursing home for psychogeriatric patients. This program appeared to halt any further decline both in mental and in social functioning. In addition residents who showed less serious cognitive problems did not decline after participation in a similar group.

Retrotransposon-like sequences are expressed in Y chromosomal lampbrush loops of Drosophila hydei.

The DNA sequence family micropia consists of repeated DNA sequences that occur dispersed in the genome of Drosophila hydei. Members of this DNA sequence family were recovered from two recombinant DNA clone banks obtained by microdissection of the two Y chromosomal lampbrush loop threads and pseudonucleolus from primary spermatocyte nuclei. Nucleotide sequence analysis of two of the recombinant DNA clones revealed homology to the DNA region coding for a reverse transcriptase-like protein in retroviruses and retrotransposons.

[The GIP. 14 observation scales for psychogeriatric behavior problems].

Compared with other methods of psychological assessment, the observation of behaviour shows some advantages, especially when standardised rating scales are used. Such a scale is developed for use in psychogeriatric nursing homes, geriatric wards of psychiatric hospitals and daycare units: the Gedragsobservatieschaal voor de Intramurale Psychogeriatrie (GIP). Scales that already existed were too limited or tested insufficiently.

[The department of geriatrics].

This contribution discusses a major report on the Geriatric Patient in General Hospitals in the Netherlands. Now for the first time the central advisory bodies in health and hospital care acknowledge the 'geriatric patient' in his own. The report describes the consequences for organization and training.

Lampbrush chromosome loop-specificity of transcript morphology in spermatocyte nuclei of Drosophila hydei.

The transcript morphology in the lampbrush chromosome loop pairs ;threads' and ;pseudonucleolus' of the Y chromosome in primary spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei has been investigated by the Miller spreading technique. Each loop pair carries giant transcripts with a secondary structure characteristic of the respective loop. The lengths of the transcribed regions are in the range 500-1500 kb or even larger.

Molecular cloning of microdissected lampbrush loop DNA sequences of Drosophila hydei.

We microdissected a Y chromosomal lampbrush loop pair from primary spermatocyte nuclei of Drosophila hydei and cloned the DNA directly at the microscale. Four of the 12 recombinant DNA clones recovered display in situ hybridization to mitotic metaphase Y chromosomes, preferentially in the chromosomal region identified as the origin of the lampbrush loop pair. All clones, however, also hybridize to autosomal and X chromosomal loci in polytene chromosomes.