Isolation, Production, and Characterization of Serum Immunoglobulin M (IgM) of Indian Major Carp (MRIGAL).

A method for the isolation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in Indian major carp (mrigal) serum to produce polyclonal antibodies is described in the present study. The purified immunoglobulins (IgM) were isolated from the serum of mrigal () by the bovine serum albumin (BSA)-CL affinity column purification method, and the IgM was used to produce a polyclonal rabbit anti-mrigal IgM antiserum. The IgM preparations were employed in the characterization of mrigal serum immunoglobulin.

The Efficacy of a Smectite-Based Mycotoxin Binder in Reducing Aflatoxin B Toxicity on Performance, Health and Histopathology of Broiler Chickens.

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the efficacy of a smectite-based clay binder (Toxo-MX) in reducing the toxicological effects of aflatoxin B (AFB) in commercial broiler chickens. A total of 450 one-day old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated into three treatment groups with ten replicates of 15 birds each in a 42-day feeding experiment. The dietary treatments included a negative control (NC, a basal diet with no AFB and binder), a positive control (PC, a basal diet contaminated with 500 ppb of AFB) and a smectite-based mycotoxin binder(Toxo-MX, PC with smectite clay binder).

Muscle transcriptome provides the first insight into the dynamics of gene expression with progression of age in sheep.

The dynamic synergy of genes and pathways in muscles in relation to age affects the muscle characteristics. Investigating the temporal changes in gene expression will help illustrate the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle development. Here we report the gene expression changes in skeletal muscles through successive age groups in Bandur, a meat type sheep of India.

from Farm to Table: Isolation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance of from Commercial Broiler Supply Chain and Its Environment.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry production chain is one of the major food safety concerns due to indiscriminate usage of antibiotics and the presence of pathogens such as which causes infections in various stages of production. In the present study, 182 samples were collected from commercial broiler supply chain, viz., three hatcheries ( = 29), three commercial broiler farms (CBF; = 99), and three retail meat shops (RMS; = 54), and used for isolation and identification of using three different selective agar media and a selective enrichment medium followed by PCR confirmation targeting the gene.

Different expression pattern of thrombospondin gene in the presence and absence of β-glucan fed challenged with white spot syndrome virus.

Thrombospondins (TSPs) are extracellular, calcium-binding glycoproteins that play an essential role in cell homeostasis and development, wound-healing, angiogenesis, connective tissue organization, immune response etc. and it conserves from sea sponges to mammals. However, their role in shrimp immunity is poorly understood.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of isolated from bovine and bubaline mastitis in Karnataka.

Background And Aim: In recent times, non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) have emerged as the major organisms isolated from mastitis cases in dairy animals, with a predominance of and . As compared to , much less is known about the molecular types or the spatiotemporal epidemiology of these NAS species. In the present study, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was employed to detect genetic polymorphisms, intraspecies diversity, and epidemiology of strains (n=37) isolated from bovine and bubaline mastitis cases in the state of Karnataka.

Differential expression of miRNAs in skeletal muscles of Indian sheep with diverse carcass and muscle traits.

The study presents the miRNA profiles of two Indian sheep populations with divergent carcass and muscle traits. The RNA sequencing of longissimus thoracis muscles from the two populations revealed a total of 400 known miRNAs. Myomirs or miRNAs specific to skeletal muscles identified in our data included oar-miR-1, oar-miR-133b, oar-miR-206 and oar-miR-486.

The Extent and Structure of Peri-urban Smallholder Dairy Farming in Five Cities in India.

Livestock keeping is common in many cities in India, driven by the demand for animal-source foods, particularly perishable milk. We selected five cities from different regions of the country and conducted a census in 34 randomly selected peri-urban villages to identify and describe all smallholder dairy farms. In total 1,690 smallholder dairy farms were identified, keeping on average 2.

Summer season induced changes in quantitative expression patterns of different heat shock response genes in Salem black goats.

Research efforts of elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing heat shock response which imparts thermo-tolerance ability to indigenous breeds are very scanty. Therefore, a study was conducted with the primary objective to determine the impact of heat stress on the expression pattern of different heat shock response genes in the hepatic tissues of indigenous Salem Black goat. The study was conducted for a period of 45 days in twelve 1-year-old female Salem Black breed goats.

Evaluation of biofilm of Vibrio anguillarum for oral vaccination of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (BLOCH, 1790).

The present study evaluated the biofilm (BF) of Vibrio anguillarum for oral vaccination of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. An 80-day experiment was carried out in circular fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks using free cell (FC) and BF of Vibrio anguillarum with triplicate in each. Heat-inactivated FC and BF cells at 10, 10 and 10 CFU/g fish/d were fed to fish for 20 days, agglutination antibody titer estimated at each 10 days interval up to 60-day post vaccination.

Transcriptome profiling of longissimus thoracis muscles identifies highly connected differentially expressed genes in meat type sheep of India.

This study describes the muscle transcriptome profile of Bandur breed, a consumer favoured, meat type sheep of India. The transcriptome was compared to the less desirable, unregistered local sheep population, in order to understand the molecular factors related to muscle traits in Indian sheep breeds. Bandur sheep have tender muscles and higher backfat thickness than local sheep.

Toxic Algae Silence Physiological Responses to Multiple Climate Drivers in a Tropical Marine Food Chain.

Research on the effects of climate change in the marine environment continues to accelerate, yet we know little about the effects of multiple climate drivers in more complex, ecologically relevant settings - especially in sub-tropical and tropical systems. In marine ecosystems, climate change (warming and freshening from land run-off) will increase water column stratification which is favorable for toxin producing dinoflagellates. This can increase the prevalence of toxic microalgal species, leading to bioaccumulation of toxins by filter feeders, such as bivalves, with resultant negative impacts on physiological performance.

Pathological Changes in Experimental Intramammary Infection with Different Species in Mice.

Introduction: Mastitis is caused by different , produce great economic loss to farmers. Present study was conducted to know pathological changes in mice inoculated with and isolated from bovine milk.

Materials And Methods: Mice were inoculated with 50 μl (2x104 cfu organisms) per mammary gland and euthanized at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h.

Application and Comparative Evaluation of Fluorescent Antibody, Immunohistochemistry and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Tests for the Detection of Rabies Virus Antigen or Nucleic Acid in Brain Samples of Animals Suspected of Rabies in India.

Accurate and early diagnosis of animal rabies is critical for undertaking public health measures. Whereas the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique is the recommended test, the more convenient, direct rapid immunochemistry test (dRIT), as well as the more sensitive, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), have recently been employed for the laboratory diagnosis of rabies. We compared the three methods on brain samples from domestic (dog, cat, cattle, buffalo, horse, pig and goat) and wild (leopard, wolf and jackal) animals from various parts of India.

Assessing the presence of marine toxins in bivalve molluscs from southwest India.

The south west coast of India has been showing a steady increase in shellfish cultivation both for local consumption and fishery export, over recent years. Perna viridis and Crassostrea madrasensis are two species of bivalve molluscs which grow in some selected regions of southern Karnataka, close to the city of Mangalore. In the early 1980s, shellfish consumers in the region were affected by intoxication from Paralytic Shellfish Poison present in local bivalves (clams and oysters) resulting in hospitalisation of many, including one fatality.

Toll-like receptors: Significance, ligands, signaling pathways, and functions in mammals.

This review attempts to cover the implication of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in controlling immune functions with emphasis on their significance, function, regulation and expression patterns. The tripartite TLRs are type I integral transmembrane receptors that are involved in recognition and conveying of pathogens to the immune system. These paralogs are located on cell surfaces or within endosomes.

Studies on prevalence of endo-parasitic infection in wild carnivores maintained under captive state.

The present study was conducted to observe the prevalence of endo-parasites in wild carnivores maintained under captive state at Tyavarekoppa Tiger and Lion Safari unit near to Veterinary College, Shimoga. A total of 54 wild carnivores were included in the study and the fresh fecal samples were collected, examined on the same day by direct and sedimentation techniques for endo-parasitic eggs/ova in the laboratory. Out of 15 tigers samples screened, 12 were harboring mixed infections of spp.

Pathogenic marine microbes influence the effects of climate change on a commercially important tropical bivalve.

There is growing evidence that climate change will increase the prevalence of toxic algae and harmful bacteria, which can accumulate in marine bivalves. However, we know little about any possible interactions between exposure to these microorganisms and the effects of climate change on bivalve health, or about how this may affect the bivalve toxin-pathogen load. In mesocosm experiments, mussels, Perna viridis, were subjected to simulated climate change (warming and/or hyposalinity) and exposed to harmful bacteria and/or toxin-producing dinoflagellates.

Sero-prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep by Indirect-ELISA using somatic antigen.

The present work was carried out to study the sero-prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep by Indirect-Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (Indirect-ELISA) using somatic antigen. Out of 100 abomasums screened, 57 found positive for H. contortus adult worms.

Concentrating white spot syndrome virus by alum for field detection using a monoclonal antibody based flow-through assay.

A simple and easy method of concentrating white spot syndrome virus by employing aluminium sulphate, alum as a flocculant was developed and evaluated for field detection. The concentrated virus was detected by a monoclonal antibody based flow-through assay, RapiDot and compared its performance with polymerase chain reaction. The semi-purified virus that was flocculated by 15 and 30 ppm alum in a 50 ml cylinder can be detected successfully by both RapiDot and I step PCR.

Isolation, Biochemical and Molecular Identification, and In-Vitro Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Bubaline Subclinical Mastitis in South India.

Buffaloes are the second largest source of milk. Mastitis is a major impediment for milk production, but not much information is available about bubaline mastitis, especially subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to (a) investigate the application of various tests for the diagnosis of bubaline subclinical mastitis, (b) identify the major bacteria associated with it, and (c) evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacteria.