A star in the eye: cat scratch neuroretinitis.

Neuroretinitis is one of the atypical presentations of Cat scratch disease (CSD). Fundoscopy showed star pattern macular exudates. CSD should be considered in patients who present with blurry vision and typical fundoscopic findings.

Brain abscess induced by Propionibacterium acnes in a patient with severe chronic sinusitis.

Propionibacterium acnes has long been considered a contaminant organism. However, recently the isolation of this emerging pathogen has become a more difficult clinical challenge. Infections of the central nervous system caused by P.

Subtalar arthrodesis alignment: the effect on ankle biomechanics.

Background: The position, axis, and control of each lower extremity joint intimately affect adjacent joint function as well as whole-limb performance. A review of the literature finds little describing the biomechanics of subtalar arthrodesis and the effect on ankle biomechanics. The purpose of the current study was to establish this effect on sagittal plane ankle biomechanics.

Factors influencing consumer purchasing patterns of generic versus brand name over-the-counter drugs.

Objectives: US consumers spend more than $20 billion/year on over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Although generic and brand name OTC drugs share the same active ingredients and undergo the same rigorous Food and Drug Administration approval process, brand name formulations continue to lead the OTC drug market with a higher market share. There is a limited amount of publicly available information regarding consumer perceptions and awareness about generic and brand name OTC drugs.

Parental beliefs and knowledge about male human papillomavirus vaccination in the US: a survey of a pediatric clinic population.

The purpose of this study is to examine US parental knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) in males, views on vaccination, and correlation to vaccination rates. The survey was conducted of clinic population about parental knowledge and beliefs of male HPV health outcomes and vaccination. There were a total of 102 participants who completed the survey.

Internet use, misuse, and addiction in adolescents: current issues and challenges.

The Internet has revolutionized education and social communication in the 21st century. This article reviews the growing literature identifying a number of adolescents and young adults with a pathologically excessive Internet use leading to many potential consequences. Current research dilemmas in this area include that Internet addiction is a broad topic with no standard definition and no standard measurement tools.

Effect of alternate-week versus continuous dexamethasone scheduling on the risk of osteonecrosis in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results from the CCG-1961 randomised cohort trial.

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is curable in more than 80% of children and adolescents who exhibit high-risk features. However, treatments are associated with symptomatic osteonecrosis that disproportionately affects adolescents. Based on the findings from the CCG-1882 trial, the CCG-1961 trial was designed to assess whether dexamethasone dose modification would reduce the risk of osteonecrosis.

Reliability of digital radiographs for pediatric lower extremity alignment.

Background: Digital radiography is the standard method for sharing and storing radiographs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of computer-based and manual measurement methods in determining lower extremity alignment on digital images of pediatric patients.

Methods: Thirty-two digital standing long leg radiographs of pediatric patients were evaluated with 9 varus, 11 valgus, and 12 neutral alignment films.

Toll-like receptor signaling in liver ischemia and reperfusion.

Liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injuries are significant clinical challenges implicated in various hepatic surgical procedures and transplantations. Associated with varying degrees of insult, the hallmark of I/R is the excessive inflammatory response potentiated by the host immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), known to play an important role in pathogen-derived inflammation, are now thought to participate in I/R injury-derived inflammation signaling pathways.

A case of argyria: multiple forms of silver ingestion in a patient with comorbid schizoaffective disorder.

Argyria is a rare cutaneous manifestation of silver deposits in the skin, characterized by a grayish blue discoloration, particularly in sun-exposed areas. We report the case of a patient with a history of schizoaffective disorder and type 2 diabetes mellitus who presented with argyria of the face and neck. The patient had a history of ingesting colloidal silver proteins (CSPs) for approximately 10 years as a self-prescribed remedy for his medical conditions.

Historical development of modern anesthesia.

Of all milestones and achievements in medicine, conquering pain must be one of the very few that has potentially affected every human being in the world. It was in 1846 that one of mankind's greatest fears, the pain of surgery, was eliminated. This historical review article describes how the various elements of anesthesiology (gasses, laryngoscopes, endotracheal tubes, intravenous medications, masks, and delivery systems) were discovered and how some brilliant entrepreneurs and physicians of the past two centuries have delivered them to humanity.

Protection orders protect against assault and injury: a longitudinal study of police-involved women victims of intimate partner violence.

The objective of this study was to measure the efficacy of protection orders (POs) in reducing assault and injury-related outcomes using a matched comparison group and tracking outcomes over time. This study was a retrospective review of police, emergency department, family court, and prosecutor administrative records for a cohort of police-involved female IPV victims; all events over a 4-year study period were abstracted. Victims who obtained POs were compared with a propensity-score-based match group without POs over three time periods: Before, During, and After the issuance of a PO.

Femoroacetabular impingement in former high-level youth soccer players.

Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) can be a source of hip pain in young adults. Repetitive kicking associated with youth soccer may lead to morphologic changes of the proximal femur that predispose a person to the development of FAI.

Hypothesis: Young adults who participated in high-level soccer competition as youths are more likely to demonstrate radiographic changes consistent with FAI and to have increased alpha angles as compared with controls.

History of antibiotics. From salvarsan to cephalosporins.

Infections have represented for a long time the leading cause of death in humans. During the 19th century, pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea and diphtheria were considered the main causes of death in children and adults. Only in the late 19th century did it become possible to correlate the existence of microscopic pathogens with the development of various diseases.

Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders.

Epidemiologic data gathered over the last 40 years report that the conservative estimate of autistic spectrum disorder prevalence is 27.5 per 10,000 individuals; however, the prevalence estimate based on newer surveys is 60 per 10,000 individuals. Several factors are considered in various epidemiologic surveys of autism, especially the evolution of the concept of autism and changing criteria for diagnosis.

Autism spectrum disorders: clinical features and diagnosis.

The last decade has seen an increase of interest in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). With the prevalence now approaching 1%, children with ASD are usually first evaluated by clinicians working in primary care, such as pediatricians and family practitioners. Although classic autism is easy to recognize, differentiating autism from other spectrum disorders and comorbid conditions is not always simple.

Historical perspectives on autism: its past record of discovery and its present state of solipsism, skepticism, and sorrowful suspicion.

Concepts of autism have evolved over the twentieth century after Bleuler coined the term to refer to symptoms of self-absorption in those with schizophrenia. Autism nosology changed to the current sesquipedalian constellation of autism spectrum disorders with a confusing archipelago of 5 conditions that often serve as islands of confusion to both the general public and professionals. This article reviews historical links that have led to the current confusing and controversial situation that is encouraging some people to return to magic, mysticism, and mantics for health care, despite the amazing accumulation of progress in vaccinology over the past 2 centuries.

Root causes of errors in a simulated prehospital pediatric emergency.

Objectives: Systematic evaluation of prehospital provider performance during actual resuscitations is difficult. Although prior studies reported pediatric drug-dosing mistakes and other types of management errors, the underlying causes of those errors were not investigated. The objective of this study was to identify causes of errors during a simulated, prehospital pediatric emergency.