Racial differences in measures of glycemia in the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial.

Introduction: Understanding how race may influence the association between A1c and glycemia can improve diabetes screening. We sought to determine whether, for a given A1c level, glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) differed by race.

Research Design And Methods: From data collected at 22 US clinical sites, we conducted a cross-sectional study of concurrently measured A1c and OGTT and observational longitudinal follow-up of the subset with high-risk pre-diabetes.

Patient and dentist perspectives on collecting patient reported outcomes after painful dental procedures in the National Dental PBRN.

Background: Dental Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) relate to a dental patient's subjective experience of their oral health. How practitioners and patients value PROs influences their successful use in practice.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 practitioners and 32 patients who provided feedback on using a mobile health (mHealth) platform to collect the pain experience after dental procedures.

The Reach of Calls and Text Messages for Mailed FIT Outreach in the PROMPT Stepped-Wedge Colorectal Cancer Screening Trial.

Background: Mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) outreach can improve colorectal cancer screening participation. We assessed the reach and effectiveness of adding notifications to mailed FIT programs.

Methods: We conducted secondary analyses of a stepped-wedge evaluation of an enhanced mailed FIT program (n = 15 clinics).

A scoping review of Ayurvedic rasayana adaptogens in oncology.

Introduction: Rasayanas are Ayurvedic natural products that have adaptogenic effects. The extensive research on rasayanas in oncology is not currently well summarized. The aim of this review is to investigate the range and nature of the current body of research, identify gaps in knowledge, and to summarize the existing literature as it relates to Ayurvedic rasayanas and oncology.

Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Differential Diagnosis.

Scientific information is incomplete regarding the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Both the lower genital and urinary tracts are rich in receptors for reproductive hormones and are highly susceptible to waning ovarian hormones at menopause. Symptoms of dryness and pain emerge in late perimenopause, but they can also result earlier from cancer therapies or bilateral oophorectomy.

Pandemic-related practice changes and CVD risk management in community clinics.

Objectives: Understanding how the COVID-19 pandemic affected cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk monitoring in primary care may inform new approaches for addressing modifiable CVD risks. This study examined how pandemic-driven changes in primary care delivery affected CVD risk management processes.

Study Design: This retrospective study used electronic health record data from patients at 70 primary care community clinics with scheduled appointments from September 1, 2018, to September 30, 2021.

Cardiovascular disease risk management during COVID-19: in-person vs virtual visits.

Objectives: Limited research has assessed how virtual care (VC) affects cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk management, especially in community clinic settings. This study assessed change in community clinic patients' CVD risk management during the COVID-19 pandemic and CVD risk factor control among patients who had primarily in-person or primarily VC visits.

Study Design: Retrospective interrupted time-series analysis.

Herpes zoster diagnosis and treatment in relation to incident dementia: A population-based retrospective matched cohort study.

Background: Evidence suggests that some infectious diseases, such as herpes zoster (HZ), are associated with elevated risk of subsequent dementia, while certain anti-viral medications are associated with lower risk. We sought to evaluate associations between HZ diagnosis and treatment with incident dementia in a large, retrospective matched cohort.

Methods: Using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes in electronic medical records, we identified members of Kaiser Permanente Northwest age 50 and older from 2000-2019 with a HZ diagnosis during this period.

Mortality in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).

Objective: We report mortality outcomes in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) among people with type 2 diabetes diagnosed within 10 years and no recent history of cardiovascular events or cancer.

Research Design And Methods: Overall mortality rates and major causes of death were assessed over an average of 5 years of follow-up. Cause of death was adjudicated centrally by a committee masked to treatment assignment.

Area-level social determinants of health and individual-level social risks: Assessing predictive ability and biases in social risk screening.

Introduction: Area-level social determinants of health (SDoH) and individual-level social risks are different, yet area-level measures are frequently used as proxies for individual-level social risks. This study assessed whether demographic factors were associated with patients being screened for individual-level social risks, the percentage who screened positive for social risks, and the association between SDoH and patient-reported social risks in a nationwide network of community-based health centers.

Methods: Electronic health record data from 1,330,201 patients with health center visits in 2021 were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression.

Factors Affecting Post-trial Sustainment or De-implementation of Study Interventions: A Narrative Review.

In contrast to traditional randomized controlled trials, embedded pragmatic clinical trials (ePCTs) are conducted within healthcare settings with real-world patient populations. ePCTs are intentionally designed to align with health system priorities leveraging existing healthcare system infrastructure and resources to ease intervention implementation and increase the likelihood that effective interventions translate into routine practice following the trial. The NIH Pragmatic Trials Collaboratory, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), supports the conduct of large-scale ePCT Demonstration Projects that address major public health issues within healthcare systems.

Methods for scaling up an outreach intervention to increase colorectal cancer screening rates in rural areas.

Background: Mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) outreach and patient navigation are evidence-based practices shown to improve rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) and follow-up in various settings, yet these programs have not been broadly adopted by health systems and organizations that serve diverse populations. Reasons for low adoption rates are multifactorial, and little research explores approaches for scaling up a complex, multi-level CRC screening outreach intervention to advance equity in rural settings.

Methods: SMARTER CRC, a National Cancer Institute Cancer Moonshot project, is a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a mailed FIT and patient navigation program involving 3 Medicaid health plans and 28 rural primary care practices in Oregon and Idaho followed by a national scale-up trial.

Evaluation of mailed results versus telephone disclosure of normal cancer genetic test results in a low-risk underserved population.

Scalable models for result disclosure are needed to ensure large-scale access to genomics services. Research evaluating alternatives to genetic counseling suggests effectiveness; however, it is unknown whether these findings are generalizable across populations. We assessed whether a letter is non-inferior to telephone genetic counseling to inform participants with no personal or family history of cancer of their normal results.

Genetic risk score for Alzheimer's disease predicts brain volume differences in mid and late life in UK biobank participants.

Introduction: We estimated the ages when associations between Alzheimer's disease (AD) genes and brain volumes begin among middle-aged and older adults.

Methods: Among 45,616 dementia-free participants aged 45-80, linear regressions tested whether genetic risk score for AD (AD-GRS) had age-dependent associations with 38 regional brain magnetic resonance imaging volumes. Models were adjusted for sex, assessment center, genetic ancestry, and intracranial volume.

Resident training to optimize patient-focused menopause management: a multispecialty menopause curriculum to enhance knowledge and preparedness.

Objective: Surveys of residents in obstetrics and gynecology, internal medicine, and family medicine have demonstrated low levels of knowledge and comfort in treating patients with menopausal symptoms, suggesting a need for improved training during residency. To address this problem, we used a flipped classroom design to deliver a novel menopause curriculum for medical residents. The curriculum included six podcast episodes followed by an interactive case-based classroom session.

Insurance coverage and discontinuity during pregnancy: Frequency and associations documented in the PROMISE cohort.

Objective: To describe insurance patterns and discontinuity during pregnancy, which may affect the experiences of the pregnant person: their timely access to care, continuity of care, and health outcomes.

Data Sources And Study Setting: Data are from the PROMISE study, which utilizes data from community-based health care organizations (CHCOs) (e.g.

Dental staff and patient attitudes about nicotine replacement therapy samples in dental care: A National Dental Practice-Based Research Network study.

Objectives: Cigarette smoking negatively affects oral health. Nicotine replacement therapies (NRT; e.g.