Machine learning and statistical models for analyzing multilevel patent data.

A recent surge of patent applications among public hospitals in China has aroused significant research interest. A country's healthcare innovation capacity can be measured by its number of patents. This paper explores the link between the number of patents and ten independent variables.

Loss of Proprotein Convertase Furin in Mammary Gland Impairs proIGF1R and proIR Processing and Suppresses Tumorigenesis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

In triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, the proprotein convertase Furin cleaves and then activates several protein precursors involved in oncogenesis. However, the in vivo role of Furin in the mammary gland and how mammary gland-specific Furin knockout specifically influences tumor initiation and progression of TNBC is unknown. Here, we report that Furin is frequently overexpressed in TNBC tumors and this correlates with poor prognosis in patients with TNBC tumors.

Aromatic [b]-fused BODIPY dyes as promising near-infrared dyes.

Far-red and near-infrared (NIR) absorbing/emitting dyes have found diverse applications in biomedicine and material science. However, the absorption and emission of classical BODIPY chromophores at short wavelength hamper their applications. Several strategies have been adopted to modify the structure of the BODIPY core to design NIR dyes.

Highly regioselective α-formylation and α-acylation of BODIPY dyes via tandem cross-dehydrogenative coupling with in situ deprotection.

A metal-free C-H formylation and acylation of BODIPY dyes using a variety of dioxolane derivatives as aldehyde equivalents is reported, providing a postfunctionalization method for controllable synthesis of BODIPYs with carbonyl groups at 3,5-positions via a radical process. The photophysical properties of resultant dyes from this efficient one-pot, chemo- and site-selective transformation have been studied.

Copper-catalyzed α-benzylation of BODIPYs via radical-triggered oxidative cross-coupling of two C-H bonds.

An oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling of BODIPYs with toluene and its derivatives has been developed, allowing for the facile synthesis of a broad range of structurally diverse α-benzylated BODIPYs. The method exhibits excellent chemoselectivity, affording exclusively α-benzylated BODIPYs in the presence of t-BuOOH and a catalytic amount of Cu(OAc). The direct use of readily available toluene and its derivatives as coupling partners avoids unproductive steps for preactivating the functional group installation, and is therefore attractive.

BuNI/tBuOOH catalyzed, α-regioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling of BODIPY with allylic alkenes and ethers.

A BuNI/tBuOOH-catalyzed, highly regioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of the α-C-H bond(s) of the BODIPY core has been developed. The α-regioselective alkylation reaction utilizes easily accessible coupling partners, namely commercial allylic alkenes and ethers - even common, inert organic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether and 1,4-dioxane. The high α-regioselectivity of this CDC reaction is attributable to the radical process involved and provides a facile access to a variety of α-functionalized BODIPYs, which are hard to access through current synthetic methods.

An addition to Kurzban et al.'s model: thoroughness of cost-benefit analyses depends on the executive tasks at hand.

Though Kurzban et al.'s model explains a considerable set of empirical findings, it cannot accommodate other results without relying on extra assumptions. We offer an addition to the model, and suggest that cost-benefit analyses themselves depend on executive function, and therefore can be biased.

Identification and validation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in growth- and maturation-related candidate genes in sole (Solea solea L.).

Genomic methodologies applied in evolutionary and fisheries research have been of great benefit to understand the marine ecosystem and the management of natural resources. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are attractive for the study of local adaptation, spatial stock management and traceability, and investigating the effects of fisheries-induced selection, they have rarely been exploited in non-model organisms. This is partly due to difficulties in finding and validating SNPs in species with limited or no genomic resources.