Iodide Enhances the Production of Pseurotin D over Pseurotin A by Inverting the Preference for the S2 versus the S2' Product in the Final Nonenzymatic Step.

Nonenzymatic reactions, though critical in natural product biosynthesis, are significantly challenging to control. Adding 3% NaI to the culture medium of significantly increased pseurotin D () production and decreased pseurotin A () production. Previously, and were suggested to be produced via a nonenzymatic reaction, where the epoxide at C-10 undergoes S2 () or S2' () reactions.

Host-specific effects of Eubacterium species on Rg3-mediated modulation of osteosarcopenia in a genetically diverse mouse population.

Background: Osteosarcopenia, characterized by the simultaneous loss of bone and muscle mass, is a serious health problem in the aging population. This study investigated the interplay between host genetics, gut microbiota, and musculoskeletal health in a mouse model of osteosarcopenia, exploring the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota modulation.

Methods: We examined the effects of Rg3, a phytochemical, on osteosarcopenia and its interactions with host genetics and gut microbiota in six founder strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC) population.

Biosynthesis-Encoded Lipogenic Acetyl-CoA Measurement Using NMR Reveals Glucose-Driven Lipogenesis and Glutamine's Alternative Roles in Kidney Cancer.

Fatty acid synthesis (FADNS) is a critical process in lipogenesis that is characteristically altered in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which is the major type of kidney cancer. An important challenge in studying the FADNS process has been the accurate measurement of cytosolic lipogenic acetyl-CoA (AcCoA), the precursor in FADNS, due to its compartmentalization within cells. Here, we describe a novel NMR-based method to decode the isotopic enrichment of lipogenic AcCoA, which, as we demonstrated, is encoded in the simple signal ratios of the geminal methyl groups of lanosterol during its biosynthesis.

Roseoside Is a Bioactive Compound in Nakai Extract with Potent In Vitro Antiviral Activity Against Hepatitis C Virus.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a pathogen that causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma through chronic hepatitis C. This study focused on the anti-HCV activity of a 70% ethanol extract of Nakai (KKE) and its bioactive chemical constituent(s). The KKE and its -butanol (-BuOH) fraction induced a significant reduction in HCV RNA levels without inducing cytotoxicity.

Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Properties of , and , Used as Medicinal Plants in Chad.

The plants , and are well known in traditional African medicine, and particularly in traditional Chadian medicine. They are commonly used to treat infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, fevers, gastroenteritis and other medical conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical screening to determine the antioxidant properties of different extracts and fractions from the three plants.

Artemisia argyi ethanol extract ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-induced liver fibrosis by modulating gut microbiota and hepatic signaling.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Artemisia argyi (AA), a herbal medicine traditionally used in Asian countries, to treat inflammatory conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, arthritis, allergic asthma and colitis. However, the mechanism of action of this plant with regard to hepatitis and other liver-related diseases is still unclear.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of AA ethanol extract on NASH-related fibrosis and gut microbiota in a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-induced mouse model.

Myrosinase isogenes in wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum) and their putative roles in glucosinolate metabolism.

Background: Wasabi, a Brassicaceae member, is well-known for its unique pungent and hot flavor which is produced from glucosinolate (GSL) degradation. Myrosinase (MYR) is a principle enzyme catalyzing the primary conversion of GSLs to GSL hydrolysis products (GHPs) which is responsible for plant defense system and food quality. Due to the limited information in relation to MYRs present in wasabi (Wasabia japonica M.

Eupatolide, isolated from sensitizes TNF-mediated dual modes of apoptosis and necroptosis by disrupting RIPK1 ubiquitination.

Ubiquitination of RIPK1 plays an essential role in the recruitment of the IKK complex, an upstream component of pro-survival NF-κB. It also limits TNF-induced programmed cell death by inhibiting the spatial transition from TNFR1-associated complex-I to RIPK1-dependent death-inducing complex-II or necrosome. Thus, the targeted disruption of RIPK1 ubiquitination, which induces RIPK1-dependent cell death, has proven to be a useful strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of TNF.

Glycolipids Derived from the Korean Endemic Plant Inducing Glucose Uptake in Mouse Skeletal Muscle C2C12 Cells.

spp. has been used as a traditional folk medicine worldwide for its anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and detoxifying properties. The well-known species var.

Proteomic Analysis of Cell Wall Proteins with Various Linkages in .

The fungal cell wall, primarily comprising a glucan-chitin matrix and cell wall proteins (CWPs), serves as a key mediator for fungal interactions with the environment and plays a pivotal role in virulence. In this study, we employed a comprehensive proteomics approach to analyze the CWPs in the plant pathogenic fungus . Our methodology successfully extracted and identified 1373 CWPs, highlighting their complex linkages, including noncovalent bonds, disulfide bridges, alkali-sensitive linkages, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors.

Understanding the Impact of Nitrogen Availability: A Limiting Factor for Enhancing Fucoxanthin Productivity in Microalgae Cultivation.

This study aimed to investigate the regulation of fucoxanthin (FX) biosynthesis under various nitrogen conditions to optimize FX productivity in . Apart from light, nitrogen availability significantly affects the FX production of microalgae; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In batch culture, was cultivated with normal (NN, 0.

Triterpenoidal Saponins from the Leaves of Offer Inhibitory Activities against SARS-CoV-2.

Triterpenoidal saponins have been reported to be able to restrain SARS-CoV-2 infection. To isolate antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2 from the leaves of , we conducted multiple steps of column chromatography. We isolated six triperpenoidal saponins from .

Mass spectrometry-guided isolation of thiodiketopiperazines from an EtOAc-extract of Setosphaeria rostrata culture medium and their anti-skin aging effects on TNF-α-induced human dermal fibroblasts.

Using mass spectrometry (MS)-guided isolation methods, a new thiodiketopiperazine derivative (1) and exserohilone (2) were isolated from an EtOAc-extract of Setosphaeria rostrata culture medium. The chemical structure of the new compound was elucidated by MS and NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configurations were established by the quantum mechanical calculations of electronic circular dichroism. All isolated compounds were examined for their effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) secretion, and procollagen type I α1 secretion in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced human dermal fibroblasts.

Saponins Derived from the Korean Endemic Plant Inhibit Diffuse-type Gastric Cancer Cells.

Diffuse-type gastric cancer (GC) is a type of stomach cancer that occurs in small clusters of cells that are widely spread. It does not typically manifest with symptoms until the advanced stages and often goes undetected in routine imaging tests. In addition, there is no specific targeted therapy for diffuse-type GC and it has a high mortality risk.

Functional Characterization of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Corazonin Signaling Systems in Pacific Abalone: Toward Reclassification of Invertebrate Neuropeptides.

Introduction: The proposed evolutionary origins and corresponding nomenclature of bilaterian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-related neuropeptides have changed tremendously with the aid of receptor deorphanization. However, the reclassification of the GnRH and corazonin (CRZ) signaling systems in Lophotrochozoa remains unclear.

Methods: We characterized GnRH and CRZ receptors in the mollusk Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai (Hdh), by phylogenetic and gene expression analyses, bioluminescence-based reporter, Western blotting, substitution of peptide amino acids, in vivo neuropeptide injection, and RNA interference assays.

Color-Tuning Mechanism of the Lit Form of Orange Carotenoid Protein.

Orange carotenoid protein (OCP) of photosynthetic cyanobacteria binds to ketocarotenoids noncovalently and absorbs excess light to protect the host organism from light-induced oxidative damage. Herein, we found that mutating valine 40 in the α3 helix of sp. PCC 7513 (GOCP1) resulted in blue- or red-shifts of 6-20 nm in the absorption maxima of the lit forms.

Ecdysteroids from the Korean Endemic Species with Activities against Glucocorticoid Receptors and 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1.

Two new ecdysteroids, spectasterone A () and spectasterone B (), together with four known ecdysteroids, breviflorasterone (), ajugalactone (), 20-hydroxyecdysone (), and polypodine B () were isolated from the Korean endemic plant using feature-based molecular networking analysis. The chemical structures of and were determined based on the interpretation of NMR and mass spectrometric data. Their absolute configurations were established using coupling constants, NOESY interactions, Mosher's method, and ECD and DP4+ calculations.

Maxim Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Invasion of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells via Oxidative Stress Regulation.

Maxim (SMM) is a Korean endemic plant belonging to the Crassulaceae family. This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of the SMM extract on human ovarian cancer cells. Among five endemic plants grown in Korea, the SMM extract showed the most potent cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells and had little effect on normal ovarian surface epithelial cells.

A Single-Scan Ultraselective Heteronuclear Polarization Transfer Method for Unambiguous Complex Structure Assignment.

Complex nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals of organic compounds containing multiple analogous substructures or mixtures pose a significant challenge to structural identification, thus resulting in frequent misassignment of structures. The GEMSTONE method, a single-scan technique that selectively excites a specific proton signal among the crowded NMR signals, was recently proposed as a solution. However, its extension to the polarization transfer method for heteronuclear spin systems was unsuccessful.

The Role of Fucoxanthin in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) has emerged as a leading cause of human deaths. It caused 1.32 million deaths in 2017, which affected men more than women by a two-to-one ratio.

Chemical constituents isolated from Actinidia polygama and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and insulin secretion effect.

Actinidia polygama has been used as a traditional medicine for treating various diseases. In the present study, 13 compounds, including three new monoterpenoids (1-3), were isolated from the leaves of A. polygama to investigate the bioactive constituents of the plant.

Effects of black raspberry extract on gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and expressions of the genes involved in cholesterol and bile acid metabolisms in rats fed excessive choline with a high-fat diet.

Unlabelled: In our previous study, black raspberry (BR) reduced the serum levels of trimethylamine--oxide and cholesterol in rats fed excessive choline with a high-fat diet (HFC). We hypothesized that gut microbiota could play a crucial role in the production of trimethylamine and microbial metabolites, and BR could influence gut microbial composition. This study aimed to elucidate the role of BR on changes in gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in the rats.