V.R. Khanolkar's initial years as pathologist and researcher in India: 1924-1941.

Vasant Ramji Khanolkar was the first Indian pathologist and a pioneering researcher who was at the forefront of the diverse fields of cancer research, blood group genetics, epidemiology and leprosy research, etc. in the mid-twentieth century. All his cutting-edge research took place after he joined Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay (now Mumbai), as Director of Laboratories.

3-D Printed Skull Model: Role in Identification of Site of Bone Defect in Cases with CSF Rhinorrhea.

Role of 3-D models in the identification of the site and extent of bone defects in the skull base for the treatment of CSF rhinorrhea is analyzed. Such models were used successfully in the management of two patients who failed previous attempts at basal reconstruction. The principal advantage of the models was in exact delineation of the size and site of bone defect and deciphering of its relationship with adjoining critical regions of the brain.

Post-Traumatic Central or Axial Atlantoaxial Dislocation Presenting with "Atypical" Symptoms-Analyzing the Role of Dynamic Imaging on the Basis of Experience with 14 Patients Treated by Atlantoaxial Fixation surgery.

Background: This is a report of a series of 14 patients who presented with a range of "atypical" cranial, spinal, and systemic symptoms that started after they suffered a relatively severe injury to the head and/or neck several months or years before surgical treatment. The implications of diagnosing and treating central or axial atlantoaxial dislocation (CAAD) is discussed. Also, the role of dynamic rotatory and lateral head tilt imaging in the diagnosis and treatment is analyzed.

Anatomical analysis of white fiber tracts in SMA and its implications related to en-masse tumor resection technique.

Objective: Anatomy and connections of the supplementary motor area (SMA) are studied essentially to analyze the SMA syndrome. Experience with surgical treatment of 19 tumors located in SMA is analyzed.

Material And Methods: The cortical anatomy and subcortical connectivity of the SMA was studied on ten previously frozen and formalin fixed human cadaveric brain specimens.

Adult human neurogenesis: A view from two schools of thought.

Are we truly losing neurons as we grow older? If yes, why, and how can the lost neurons be replaced or compensated for? Is so-called adult neurogenesis (ANG) still a controversial process, particularly in the human cerebral cortex? How do adult-born neurons -if proven to exist- contribute to brain functions? Is adult neurogenesis a disease-relevant process, meaning that neural progenitor cells are dormant in adulthood, but they may be reactivated, for example, following stroke? Is the earnest hope to cure neurological diseases justifying the readiness to accept ANG claim uncritically? These are all fundamental issues that have not yet been firmly explained. Although it is completely understandable that some researchers believe that we can add new neurons to our inevitably deteriorating brain, the brain regeneration process still possesses intellectually and experimentally diverting views, as until now, there has been significant confusion about the concept of ANG. This paper is not intended to be an extensively analytical review distilling all findings and conclusions presented in the ANG literature.

Unilateral facet fixation as a salvage procedure: Report of two cases with cervical primary bone tumors with extensive bone destruction.

We describe cases of two patients with primary cervical bone tumors that resulted in extensive destruction of bones of the region. In the first patient, the tumor and its growth resulted in the destruction of C3-C5 vertebral bodies and the unilateral destruction of facets and pedicles. In the second case, there was focal destruction of the body and odontoid process and unilateral pedicle and facet of C2.

Central or axial atlantoaxial dislocation and craniovertebral junction alterations: a review of 393 patients treated over 12 years.

Objective: The authors reviewed their scientific publications and updated their clinical material obtained over the last 12 years for cases of central or axial atlantoaxial dislocation (CAAD) identified in the presence of craniovertebral musculoskeletal and/or neural alteration(s). The management implications of diagnosing and treating CAAD are highlighted.

Methods: During a 12-year period, CAAD was diagnosed in 393 patients with craniovertebral junction-related musculoskeletal and neural alterations who underwent atlantoaxial fixation.

Glucocorticoid therapy as first-line treatment in primary hypophysitis: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

Objectives: High-dose glucocorticoids are associated with improved recovery of deficits in primary autoimmune hypophysitis (PAH), but optimal dosing, route, and duration are unclear.

Design: We reviewed literature for first-line glucocorticoid treatment in PAH until December 2021 and performed an individual patient data meta-analysis to analyze clinical, hormonal, and radiological outcomes with respect to route, dose, and duration (<6.5 vs 6.

Vision Loss Following Vertebral Artery Injury during Surgery for Atlantoaxial Instability.

Background: A number of complications following surgery aimed at atlantoaxial fixation have been reported. However, there is no report in the literature describing visual loss following vertebral artery injury.

Objective: Vision loss as a complication of vertebral artery injury during surgery for atlantoaxial fixation is reported.

Radiological Evaluation of Anatomical Extensions of Gliomas Based on White Fiber Tracts: Proposal of a Novel Classification.

Background: We speculate on the origin and extensions of gliomas based on our understanding of anatomy of the subcortical network, radiological evaluation and surgical experience.

Objective: We recently classified the white fibers of the brain into four horizontal and one vertical group. The role of this classification in understanding the origin and spread of gliomas is analyzed.

Endodermal cyst: rare intraaxial brainstem location. Illustrative cases.

Background: This report detailed an extremely rare location of an endodermal cyst. Such location of the tumor can pose radiological confusion and a therapeutic dilemma. However, when identified, it can be a pleasant surprise for the surgeon and provide the possibility of a symptom-free long life for the patient.

Atlantoaxial and Subaxial Cervical Spinal Instability in Two Cases with Neurofibromatosis-Type 1.

This is a report of two patients who were diagnosed to have NF-1. The patients had severe dystrophic soft tissue and bone changes leading to craniovertebral junction and subaxial cervical spinal instability and deformity. Both the patients underwent atlantoaxial and subaxial cervical spinal stabilization.

Report of an eight-year experience with Camille's transarticular technique of cervical spinal stabilization.

We present our experience with Camille's cervical transarticular screw fixation technique. During the period June 2012 to April 2020, 2422 screws were implanted in 321 patients by Camille's transarticular cervical spinal screw fixation technique. The indications of screw implantation were radiculopathy/myelopathy related to cervical spondylosis in 258 cases, cervical OPLL in 54 cases and Hirayama disease in 9 cases.

Clinical outcome following multisegmental cervical spinal fixation in patients who recovered partially following injury.

Objective: The clinical outcome following multilevel stabilization in patients who suffered cervical spinal injury and developed severe neurological deficits and then gradually partially recovered is evaluated. The basis of the surgical concept was that cervical spinal degeneration is a result of single or multilevel spinal instability and that spinal trauma exaggerates the instability.

Materials And Methods: During the period 2015-2020, 14 patients who suffered severe cervical spinal injury and could be included in the classification of spinal cord injury without computed tomography evidence of trauma were surgically treated.

White Fiber Correlates of Amygdalohippocampectomy Through the Middle Temporal Gyrus Approach.

Objective: The white fiber and gross anatomy relevant for performing amygdalohippocampectomy through the middle temporal gyrus approach for mesial temporal sclerosis has been depicted by white fiber dissection.

Methods: Three previously frozen and formalin fixed cerebral hemispheres were studied. The Klingler method of fiber dissection was used to study the anatomy.

Lumbar canal stenosis in "young" - How does it differ from that in "old" - An analysis of 116 surgically treated cases.

Objective: Patients treated for lumbar canal stenosis (LCS) were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the differences in clinical management in those below (Group A) and those above (Group B) the age of 50 years. All patients were treated with the premise that instability is the nodal point of the pathogenesis of LCS and "only-stabilization" is the surgical treatment.

Materials And Methods: During the period June 2014 to June 2020, 116 cases were diagnosed to have LCS and surgically treated by the Goel modification of Camille's transarticular screw fixation technique.