Langerhans cells and their role in oral mucosal diseases.

Dendritic cells are arguably the most potent antigen-presenting cells and may be the only cells capable of initiating the adaptive immune response. The epithelial residents of dendritic cells are Langerhans cells, which serve as the "sentinels" of the mucosa, altering the immune system not only to pathogen entry but also of tolerance to self antigen and commensal microbes. Oral mucosal Langerhans cells are capable of engaging and internalizing a wide variety of pathogens and have been found responsive to nickel in patients with nickel allergies, oral Candida species, oral lichen planus, lichenoid drug eruptions, graft versus host diseases, periodontal diseases median rhomboid glossitis, human immunodeficiency virus infection, hairy leukoplakia of the tongue, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Stem cells-the hidden treasure: A strategic review.

In today's scenario, medical and dental professionals face a mammoth task while treating perplexing medical situations like organ failure or tissue loss. Though, different strategies exist to replace them, but ideal one is the same natural tissue or organ. In this aspect, stem cells have emerged in a promising way to provide an ideal replacement.

Using spiral computed tomography for endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with a middle mesial canal: a case report.

The root canal anatomy of a permanent mandibular first molar has been traditionally described as 2 roots--1 mesial and 1 distal--with 2 canals in the mesial root and 1 or 2 canals in the distal root. Nonetheless, other possibilities exist. The presence of a third canal in the mesial root has been reported to have an incidence of 0%-17%.

Relationship between severe early childhood caries and body mass index.

Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) and Body Mass Index (BMI) in the absence of any underlying medical condition for the school going (3 to 6 years old) children of Mathura city, India.

Method: One hundred caries free children (50 boys and 50 girls) and one hundred children (50 boys and 50 girls) affected with S-ECC in the age range of 3-6 years without any contributing medical history were included in the study. Measurements of the weight (kg) and height (m) were done using a standard balanced beam scale and stadiometer.

Esthetic management of a primary double tooth using a silicone putty guide: a case report.

The term double tooth is often used to describe fusion and gemination. The development of isolated large or joined teeth is not rare, but the literature is confusing when the appropriate terminology is presented. The objective of this paper is to present a case of a primary double tooth in a 5-year-old girl with a history of trauma.

Comparison of the pain perception in children using comfort control syringe and a conventional injection technique during pediatric dental procedures.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the pain perception by the pediatric patients, while experiencing computerized injection device comfort control syringe (CCS) and the conventional injection technique during dental clinical procedures.

Materials And Methods: Fifty children (31 boys and 19 girls) aged 6-14 years requiring local anaesthesia on both sides of the dental arch for various treatment procedures were selected for this study. The patients served as their own control, and on the appointed day CCS was used on one side of the dental arch and on the subsequent appointment, i.

Apical barrier technique with mineral trioxide aggregate using internal matrix: a case report.

Apexification is a procedure well recognized and accepted by clinicians and researchers alike. Calcium hydroxide has long been used as an apexification material. The newly developed mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has also been shown to be effective in artificial root-end closure.

Analysis of gonial angle in relation to age, gender, and dentition status by radiological and anthropometric methods.

Background: With development and function, the mandibular angle has shown changes in size and shape. A variation in mandibular angle with age, gender, and even the dental status has been observed, which is supported by radiographic and anthropometric studies.

Aims: The aim of this study were to evaluate relationship between complete loss of teeth and changes in the gonial angle; the study further intends to evaluate any variation in gonial angle with age and gender.

Pathophysiology of Langerhans cells.

Langerhans cells (LCs) were first described by Paul Langerhans, in 1868, as dendritically shaped cells, which were located in the squamous epithelia of epidermis. Later on, these cells were identified in all stratified squamous epithelium of mammals. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in local defense mechanisms in the epithelium.

Multiple supernumerary teeth associated with an impacted maxillary central incisor: Surgical and orthodontic management.

Various anomalies in the size, shape, number, structure and eruption of the teeth are often observed clinical conditions. Supernumerary teeth can be found in almost any region of the dental arch, and most of the times they are asymptomatic, and are routinely found during radiographic evaluation. The most common cause of impacted maxillary incisors is the presence of the supernumerary teeth.

Decreasing cariogenic bacteria with a natural, alternative prevention therapy utilizing phytochemistry (plant extracts).

The association between the oral microbiota and oral diseases is well established. Various antimicrobial agents including antibiotics are commercially available against oral pathogenic bacteria. For the reasons of antibiotic resistance, their adverse effects and financial considerations in the developing countries, there is a need for alternate preventive and curative treatment options that are also safe, effective and economical.

Enamel deproteinization before acid etching and its effect on the shear bond strength--an in vitro study.

Objective: This study was undertaken to assess the effect of enamel deproteinization with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before phosphoric acid (H3PO4) etching on the shear bond strength ofAdperTM Single Bond 2 adhesive and Filtek Z-350 XT composite resin.

Study Design: Forty human sound permanent molars which were extracted for periodontal reasons were used in the experimental protocol as under: Group-A (20 teeth):-A 5X4 mm window of the enamel surface was etched with 37% H3PO4 gel for 15 seconds, washed with distilled water and air dried.

Ectopic third molar in the maxillary sinus.

Ectopic eruption of teeth into a region other than the oral cavity is rare although there have been reports of teeth in the nasal septum, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, palate, chin and maxillary sinus. Occasionally, a tooth may erupt in the maxillary sinus and present with local sinonasal symptoms attributed to chronic sinusitis. We present a case of an ectopic maxillary third molar tooth that caused chronic purulent sinusitis in relation to the right maxillary sinus.

Fiber reinforced composite loop space maintainer: An alternative to the conventional band and loop.

The stainless steel band and loop appliance is the most commonly used fixed space maintainer in pediatric dentistry. But there are several disadvantages with this appliance such as the need for a cast or a working model, decalcification of the abutment tooth, loosening because of breakage or dissolution of the luting agent, tendency to get embedded in the soft tissue and the possibility of metal allergy. The purpose of this article is to present a simple, laboratory design of a "Fiber Reinforced Composite" (FRC) loop space maintainer and discuss the advantages over the traditional band and loop space maintainers.

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus syndrome with its polymorphic presentation - A rare case report.

Epidermal nevi are hamartomatous lesions that are typically present at birth, but can occur anytime during childhood and may rarely appear in adulthood. An estimated one-third of individuals with epidermal nevi have involvement of other organ systems; hence, this condition is considered to be an epidermal nevus syndrome. There are four distinct epidermal nevus syndromes recognizable by the different types of associated epithelial nevi: linear sebaceous nevi, linear nevus comedonicus, linear epidermal nevus, and inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN).

Conservative non-surgical management of an infected radicular cyst.

The radicular cyst arises from epithelial remnants stimulated to proliferate by an inflammatory process originating from pulpal necrosis of a non-vital tooth. Radiographically, the classical description of the lesion is a round or oval, well-circumscribed radiolucent image involving the apex of the tooth. Radicular cyst is usually sterile unless it is secondarily infected.

Bilateral fusion of permanent maxillary incisors.

Dental fusion is a rare developmental anomaly, which is included in the anomalies of tooth morphology or shape. Fusion can occur at the level of enamel or enamel and dentin, which results in the formation of a single tooth with enlarged clinical crown. Fusion is more common in deciduous dentition.

Unusual objects in the root canal of deciduous teeth: a report of two cases.

Accidental foreign body ingestion or aspiration is a common problem in children. Children often have a habit of inserting objects into their mouth. Some of these objects can be accidentally ingested or even aspirated which can be frightening and a stressful experience.

Bilateral supplemental maxillary central incisors: a case report.

Hyperdontia is a developmental anomaly that is hypothesized to arise from multiple causes. Supernumerary teeth may remain embedded in the alveolar bone or can erupt into the oral cavity. When such teeth remain embedded, they may cause disturbances to developing teeth.

Vocal cord paralysis following orthognathic surgery intubation.

The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following short-term oro-endotracheal intubation for any surgical procedure is very rare. The diagnosis becomes very difficult if the surgical procedure may alter the vocal characteristics following surgery. We report a case of a 24 year-old healthy male patient who developed prolonged hoarseness which developed after having undergone a bimaxillary orthognathic surgical procedure.

Comparison of the efficacy of conventional radiography, digital radiography, and ultrasound in diagnosing periapical lesions.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of conventional radiography, digital radiography and ultrasound imaging in diagnosing periapical lesions.

Study Design: Twenty-one patients aged between 15 and 45 years with well defined periapical radiolucency associated with anterior maxillary or mandibular teeth requiring endodontic surgery or extraction were selected and consented to the study. Preoperative intraoral periapical radiographs and digital images using charge-coupled device obtained by paralleling technique were assessed by 3 specialist observers who gave their diagnosis of the periapical lesions.

Effect of fluorides from various restorative materials on remineralization of adjacent tooth: an in vitro study.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the extent of surface zone remineralization and the effect of fluoride at the inter-proximal adjacent tooth surface, using restorative materials FusionAlloy, Ketac-Fil and Heliomolar. Ninety extracted molar teeth were used of which 45 were placed in artificial caries for 10 weeks. The remaining 45 teeth were filled with the respective restorative materials, mounted with the artificial carious teeth in proximal contact with plaster and placed in artificial saliva for a period of 28 days.

Malunited fracture of the body and condyle of the mandible : A Case Report.

Mandibular fractures are the most common facial fractures seen in hospitalized children and their incidence increases with age. Treatment options include soft diet, intermaxillary fixation with eyelet wires, arch bars, circummandibular wiring, or stents. Alternative options include open reduction and internal fixation through either an intraoral or extraoral approach.