Vitamin B12 Deficiency among Metformin Treated Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Patients Visiting the Department of Medicine of a Tertiary Care Centre.

Introduction: About 424.9 million people worldwide are affected by Diabetes mellitus. Prevalence among people 20-79 years old in Nepal was 4% in 2017.

Graphene: A Multifaceted Carbon-Based Material for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications.

Tissue engineering is an emerging technological field that aims to restore and replace human tissues. A significant number of individuals require bone replacement annually as a result of skeletal abnormalities or accidents. In recent decades, notable progress has been made in the field of biomedical research, specifically in the realm of sophisticated and biocompatible materials.

Chitosan derived chito-oligosaccharides promote osteoblast differentiation and offer anti-osteoporotic potential: Molecular and morphological evidence from a zebrafish model.

This study delves into the potential of chito-oligosaccharides (COS) to promote osteoblast differentiation and prevent osteoporosis, utilizing experiments with mouse MSCs and the zebrafish model. The preliminary biocompatibility study affirms the non-toxic nature of COS across various concentrations. In the osteoblast differentiation study, COS enhances ALP activity and calcium deposition at the cellular level.

Functionally multifaceted alginate/curdlan/agarose-based bilayer fibro-porous dressings for addressing full-thickness diabetic wounds.

Full-thickness diabetic wounds are chronic injuries characterized by bleeding, excessive exude, and prolonged inflammation. Single-layer dressings fail to address their disturbed pathophysiology. Therefore, bilayer dressings with structural and compositional differences in each layer have gained attention.

THE ROLE OF INTRAVITREAL METHOTREXATE AS AN ADJUNCT TO LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC CORTICOSTEROIDS IN VITRECTOMY FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT AND CHOROIDAL DETACHMENT: A Pilot Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of repeated intravitreal methotrexate as an adjunct to pars plana vitrectomy in the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with choroidal detachment.

Method: The authors compared anatomical and visual outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with choroidal detachment eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with (Group B) or without repeated intravitreal methotrexate (Group A).

Results: The study included 25 eyes of 25 patients, 16 eyes in Group A and nine in Group B.

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report of health care associated infections, data summary of 45 countries for 2015 to 2020, adult and pediatric units, device-associated module.

Background: Reporting on the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium study results from 2015 to 2020, conducted in 630 intensive care units across 123 cities in 45 countries spanning Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East.

Methods: Prospective intensive care unit patient data collected via International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium Surveillance Online System. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Health Care Safety Network definitions applied for device-associated health care-associated infections (DA-HAI).

Machine learning-driven identification of the gene-expression signature associated with a persistent multiple organ dysfunction trajectory in critical illness.

Background: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) disproportionately drives morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of its pathobiology. Identification of genes associated with a persistent MODS trajectory may shed light on underlying biology and allow for accurate prediction of those at-risk.

Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys.

Purpose: Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys.

Methods: Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations.

Quantum Material-Based Self-Propelled Microrobots for the Optical "On-the-Fly" Monitoring of DNA.

Quantum dot-based materials have been found to be excellent platforms for biosensing and bioimaging applications. Herein, self-propelled microrobots made of graphene quantum dots (GQD-MRs) have been synthesized and explored as unconventional dynamic biocarriers toward the optical "on-the-fly" monitoring of DNA. As a first demonstration of applicability, GQD-MRs have been first biofunctionalized with a DNA biomarker (i.

Efficacy of Topical Vitamin C Application on Healing After Gingival Depigmentation by Scalpel: A Case Series.

Every person expresses their blissful moments through a smile. The elegance of the smile depends majorly on the colour of the gingiva. One of the factors that determines the colour of the gingiva is the amount of melanin pigment in the gingival epithelium.

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries.

Background: Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks.

Methods: The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques.

Vascular reconstruction of the decellularized biomatrix for whole-organ engineering-a critical perspective and future strategies.

Whole-organ re-engineering is the most challenging goal yet to be achieved in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. One essential factor in any transplantable and functional tissue engineering is fabricating a perfusable vascular network with macro- and micro-sized blood vessels. Whole-organ development has become more practical with the use of the decellularized organ biomatrix (DOB) as it provides a native biochemical and structural framework for a particular organ.

Predicting the immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies upon mutation.

COVID-19 has resulted in millions of deaths and severe impact on economies worldwide. Moreover, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants presented significant challenges in controlling the pandemic, particularly their potential to avoid the immune system and evade vaccine immunity. This has led to a growing need for research to predict how mutations in SARS-CoV-2 reduces the ability of antibodies to neutralize the virus.

Management of Chronic Inflammatory Gingival Enlargement: A Short Review and Case Report.

Inflammatory gingival enlargement, sometimes referred to as gingival hyperplasia or gingival hypertrophy, is an abnormal proliferation of gingival tissues caused by underlying inflammation. It might also be related to long-term periodontitis. Herein, we discuss the case of a young, otherwise healthy male patient wherein the anterior regions of both the upper and lower arches were affected by long-standing gingival growth.

Impact of AlphaFold on structure prediction of protein complexes: The CASP15-CAPRI experiment.

We present the results for CAPRI Round 54, the 5th joint CASP-CAPRI protein assembly prediction challenge. The Round offered 37 targets, including 14 homodimers, 3 homo-trimers, 13 heterodimers including 3 antibody-antigen complexes, and 7 large assemblies. On average ~70 CASP and CAPRI predictor groups, including more than 20 automatics servers, submitted models for each target.

Pediatric Forearm Impalement Injury: A Case Report with Review of Literature.

Introduction: Impalement injuries are relatively rare injuries but they can present with significant surgical challenges depending on the site of injury. They can occur through a variety of mechanisms such as fall on a sharp object, assault with a sharp object, high-velocity road traffic accidents, and shrapnel injuries during a blast. Adequate pre-operative planning and surgical execution is of utmost importance for optimal outcome.

Prevalence of visual impairment, uncorrected refractive errors and effective refractive error coverage in Koshi Province, Nepal - Rapid Assessment of Refractive Errors.

Background/objective: To determine the prevalence of visual impairment (VI), uncorrected refractive errors (URE), and effective refractive error coverage among individuals aged 15-50 years in Koshi Province, Nepal.

Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Koshi Province in which 4800 participants were selected from 80 clusters. The study teams visited the selected households and conducted eye examinations.

Evaluation of Dental Professionals' Knowledge and Attitude Regarding the Diagnosis of Oral Cancer Through Histopathological Examination of Granulation Tissue.

Introduction: The current cancer trend in India has reported an alarming increase in cancer of the lip, throat, and oral cavity. Few dentists are aware that malignant neoplasms can also occur in the form of granulation tissue and periapical granulomas. However, most dentists agree that biopsies are essential to diagnose oral cancer.

Isolation and Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs).

This protocol describes a simple and an economical method for isolation of endothelial cells from human umbilical vein. Umbilical cord is easily available postpartum following informed consent, and the method for its collection is noninvasive with few ethical concerns. Thus, umbilical vein is an ideal source for isolation of endothelial cells of human origin.

Larotrectinib efficacy and safety in adult patients with tropomyosin receptor kinase fusion sarcomas.

Background: Larotrectinib, a first-in-class, highly selective tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in adult and pediatric patients with various solid tumors harboring NTRK gene fusions. This subset analysis focuses on the efficacy and safety of larotrectinib in an expanded cohort of adult patients with TRK fusion sarcomas.

Methods: Patients (≥18 years old) with sarcomas harboring NTRK gene fusions were identified from three clinical trials.

Diagnosis and Management of Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome: A Rare Case Report and a Brief Review of Literature.

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome (PLS) manifests as an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the cathepsin C (CTSC) gene. This genetic alteration results in palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, rapid onset of periodontitis, and premature shedding of both primary and permanent teeth. The major etiological factor responsible for the development of this disorder appears to be variations in the CTSC gene, which is responsible for the production of the cathepsin C enzyme in the body.