Pre-treatment with metformin activates Nrf2 antioxidant pathways and inhibits inflammatory responses through induction of AMPK after transient global cerebral ischemia.

Global cerebral ischemia arises in patients who have a variety of clinical conditions including cardiac arrest, shock and asphyxia. In spite of advances in understanding of the brain ischemia and stroke etiology, therapeutic approaches to improve ischemic injury still remain limited. It has been established that metformin can attenuate cell death in cerebral ischemia.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis responses of the male rats to short and long time alternative magnetic fields (50 Hz) exposure.

Background: Electromagnetic fields are associated with production, transmission and use of electricity. In this study we have investigated the effects of short and long time alternative magnetic fields' (AMF, 50 Hz) exposure on the secretion of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male rats.

Methods: Forty eight Wistar male rats, same range of age and weight were divided into four groups and each group contained 12 rats.